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Neuroscience > Cell Types of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cell Types of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

How many neurones are there in the human brain?

A

10^10 - 10^12

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2
Q

How many more non-neuronal cells are there than neurones?

A

Ten times as many

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3
Q

What are unipolar neurones? Give an example

A

Neurones with one process

Dorsal root ganglia

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4
Q

What are bipolar neurones? Give an example

A

Neurones with two processes

Retinal bipolar cells

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5
Q

In a motor neuron, what kind of space do the dendrites occupy?

A

A spherical space known as a symmetrical dendritic field

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6
Q

What kind of space do the dendrites of Purkinje cells occupy?

A

Planar dendritic field

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7
Q

What kind of cells have apical dendrites?

A

Pyramidal cells

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8
Q

Which cells have a planar dendritic field?

A

Purkinje cells

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9
Q

Which cells have a symmetrical dendritic field?

A

Motor neurons

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10
Q

What are the most common type of neurones in the brain?

A

Cerebellar granule cells

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11
Q

Are olfactory granule cells unipolar, bipolar or multipolar?

A

Bipolar with cilia

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12
Q

What kind of synapses do olfactory granule cells form, why?

A

Dendrodendritic synapses as they are anaxonic

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13
Q

What are the 3 main types of glial cells?

A
  • Macroglia
  • Microglia
  • Ependyma
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14
Q

Give an example of one of the major subclasses of macroglia

A

Astrocytes

Also, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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15
Q

What type of glial cell are astrocytes?

A

Macroglia

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16
Q

Astrocytes can be ______ or ________

A

Fibrous, protplasmic

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17
Q

What shape are astrocytes?

A

Star-shaped

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18
Q

Are astrocytes unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar?

A

Multipolar, has lots of long processes

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19
Q

How are astrocytes associated with blood vessels?

A

Enwrap blood vessels to form an extra layer

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20
Q

What do astrocytes form?

A

Glia limitans - lies between cerebral cortex and pia mater

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21
Q

What does the glia limitans lie in-between and what is it formed by?

A

In-between the cerebral cortex and pia mater. It is formed by astrocytes

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22
Q

Do astrocytes make connections with synapses?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Where are fibrous astrocytes found?

A

In white matter

24
Q

Where are protoplasmic astrocytes found?

A

In grey matter

25
Q

Difference between the intermediate filaments in fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Fibrous astrocytes have many intermediate filaments whereas protoplasmic astrocytes have shorter, fewer intermediate filaments

26
Q

Which type of astrocytes have shorter, fewer intermediate filaments?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

27
Q

Give 2 examples of specialised astrocytes

A
  • Retinal Müller cells

- Radial glia e.g. Bergmann glia

28
Q

Retinal Müller cells

A

Columnar cells that spand width of the retina

29
Q

Bergmann Glia

A

These are multipolar and span from pia mater to Purkinje cell layer. Stem cells in adult brain

30
Q

Roles of astrocytes

A
  • Spatial buffering
  • Neurotransmitter uptake
  • Glucose metabolism
31
Q

Roles of astrocytes: Explain the process of spatial buffering

A
  • Active neurones release K+
  • Astrocytes are very permeable to K+
    so astrocytes act like functional syncitium
  • Astrocytes span from synapse to blood vessel
    Spatial buffering regulate [K+]
32
Q

Why is the homeostatic balance of K+ important in the brain?

A

Could alter firing of action potentials

33
Q

Astrocytes are permeable to which ion?

A

K+

34
Q

What do astrocytes span from?

A

Synapse to blood vessel

35
Q

What does spatial buffering regulate?

A

The concentration of potassium ions

36
Q

Spatial buffering in the retina

A
  1. Photoreceptors release K+ when stimulated
  2. Müller cells take up K+
  3. [K+] reduced near the photoreceptors
37
Q

Which glial cell aids in the homeostatic balance of K+ in the retina?

A

Retinal Müller cells

38
Q

Roles of astrocytes: Neurotransmitter uptake

A
  • important inactivation mechanism

Glutamate and GABA is taken into astrocytes rather than being broken down

39
Q

Which neurotransmitters are taken up by astrocytes?

A

Glutamate and GABA

40
Q

Roles of astrocytes: Glucose metabolism

A

Glucose = main energy substrate
Astrocytes store most glycogen in the CNS
Glycogen metabolised and some lactic acid (3 carbon) passed to neurones
Neurons prefer 3-carbon energy source

41
Q

Which cells store the most glycogen in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

42
Q

What do astrocytes metabolise? What is produced as a result?

A

Glycogen and glucose maybe. Lactic acid is produced

43
Q

What kind of carbon energy source do neurones prefer?

A

3-carbon energy source

44
Q

What are microglia processes like?

A

Short and spiky

45
Q

What kind of cells are microglia derived from?

A

Circulating monocytes

46
Q

Are microglia phagocytic?

A

Yes

47
Q

Are microglia enucleate?

A

No

48
Q

Microglia

A
  • Short, spiky processes
  • Wide distribution
  • Derived from circulating monocytes
  • Phagocytic
49
Q

What is ependyma?

A

Epithelia lining brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

50
Q

What lines the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Ependyma

51
Q

What is ependyma composed of?

A

Ependymocytes

Can also get tanycytes in the hypothalamic region

52
Q

What are tanycytes?

A

Special ependymal cells found in the third ventricle of the brain, and on the floor of the fourth ventricle and have processes extending deep into the hypothalamus

53
Q

Choroid plexus

A
  • Modified ependymal cells
  • Chloride epithelial cells
  • CSF formation and flow
54
Q

How is ependyma associated with the choroid plexus?

A

Consists of modified ependymal cells

55
Q

Do glial cells make specialised junctions with each other, if so, what kind?

A

Yes, gap junctions

56
Q

How many non-neuronal cells are there?

A

10 times as many neuronal cells

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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