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Neuroscience > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

A neurotransmitter should be:

A
  • present in presynaptic terminal
  • released in response to stimulation
  • able to interact with post-synaptic terminals
  • rapidly removed from the synapse
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2
Q

What are the 5 steps of transmission?

A

1) Synthesis
2) Storage
3) Release
4) Post-transmission effects
5) Inactivation

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3
Q

What does a neurotransmitter need mechanisms for?

A
  • Synthesis and/or storgae
  • Release
  • Receptors
  • Transmitter removal
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4
Q

Size of amino acid and amine neurotransmitters and where are they stored/released?

A

Small molecules that are stored/released form synaptic vesicles

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5
Q

Size of peptide neurotransmitters and where are they stored/released?

A

Large molecules that are stored in secretory granules

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6
Q

What are peptide neurotransmitters stored in?

A

Secretory granules

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7
Q

What do peptide neurotransmitters activate?

A

Only activate G-protein coupled receptors

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8
Q

What are G-protein coupled receptors activated by?

A

Peptide, amino acid and amine neurotransmitters

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9
Q

What is Dale’s principle?

A

A single neurone has a single neurotransmitter

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10
Q

Is Dale’s principle correct? Give a reason

A

No, many neurones have both types of neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Which non-peptides are abundant in all cells?

A

Glutamate and glycine

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12
Q

The synthesis of what is localised to axon terminals by enzymes?

A

ACh, GABA and amines

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13
Q

The synthesis of Each, GABA and amines is localised to where and by what?

A

Axon terminals and by enzymes

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14
Q

What is the most common excitatory transmitter in the CNS?

A

Glutamate

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15
Q

Give examples of receptors that glutamate binds to

A

NMDA and AMPA

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16
Q

What is AMPA important in?

A

Fast transmission

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17
Q

What does the binding of glutamate to AMPA receptors trigger?

A

Na+ and K+ currents which produces an excitatory post-synaptic potential

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18
Q

What do NMDA receptors often co-exist with?

A

AMPA receptors

19
Q

What kind of block do NMDA receptors have?

A

A voltage-dependent Mg2+ block

20
Q

Which ion is involved in a voltage-dependent block of NMDA receptors?

A

Mg2+

21
Q

At resting potential, are NMDA receptors blocked by Mg2+?

A

Yes, opens as membrane potential increases

22
Q

What does a voltage-dependent block on NMDA receptors mean?

A

These receptors need to be indirectly activated by another transmitter

23
Q

What is the most common inhibitory transmitter in the brain?

A

GABA (y-amino butyric acid)

24
Q

Reaction to form GABA

A

Glutamate ——> GABA + CO2

Requires Glutamic acid decarboxylase

25
Q

Which enzyme is used in the reaction to form GABA from glutamate?

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

26
Q

What does GABA produce via GABA-gated Cl- channels?

A

ISPS

27
Q

What would happen if there is too much GABA action?

A

Coma

28
Q

What would happen if there is too little GABA action?

A

Seizure

29
Q

3 methods of presynaptic inhibition

A
  • One neurone inhibits another
  • Autoinhibition (neurone inhibits itself)
  • Disinhibition (neuron inhibits inhibitors)
30
Q

What are anxiolytic drugs? What channels do they act on?

A

Anxiety-dissolving drugs. Act on GABA-gated Cl- channels

31
Q

What other chemicals can stimulate a response from GABA-gated Cl- receptors?

A

Ethanol, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, neurosteroid

32
Q

What do PET scans show in patients who suffer from panic attacks?

A

Loss of GABA A receptors

33
Q

What are GABA A receptors?

A

GABA-gated Cl- channels

34
Q

What system do opiates act in?

A

The endogenous opiate system

35
Q

Which was discovered first: opiate antagonists or endogenous opiates? Give the name of which one

A

Opiate antagonist: Naloxone

36
Q

How are opiates synthesised?

A

Formed in rough ER and packaged into secretory granules

37
Q

What are the 3 main types of opiate receptors?

A

µ (mu), κ (kappa), σ (sigma)

38
Q

Give examples of where many opiate receptors are found

A
  • Spinal cord
  • Periaqueductal grey
  • Amygdal
  • Frontal cortex
  • Brain stem
39
Q

Opiate receptors are coupled with what?

A

G-protein

40
Q

What are the downsides of using opiates for therapeutic purposes?

A

Tolerance and dependence develops

41
Q

What are some therapeutic uses of opiates?

A

Analgesia
Intestinal disroders
Antitussive

42
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Reduction in the perception of and emotional response to pain

43
Q

What are antitussives?

A

Cough suppressants

44
Q

Where is most of the body’s serotonin produced?

A

In the GI tract

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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