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Diseases of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Define neurological

A

Physical signs and symptoms

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2
Q

Define psychiatric

A

Mental disorders

- research shows that brain is functionally abnormal

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3
Q

Neurological assessment

A
  • State of consciousness
  • Gait
  • Mental state
  • Coordination
  • Cognitive function
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4
Q

Psychiatric assessment

A
  • General behaviour
  • Mood
  • Abnormal beliefs
  • Cognitive state
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5
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Spontaneous movement
  • Gait difficulty
  • Postural instability
  • Rigidity
  • Tremor
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6
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of the pigmented neurones in the substantial nigra of the brain —> decreased DA availability

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7
Q

What is used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Deep brain stimulation

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8
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A
  • sub thalamic nucleus most effective
    Frequencies > 60Hz alleviate symptoms
    Frequencies <30Hz exacerbate symptoms
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9
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Mutations in α-synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, PLA2G6 but even identical mutations can have different effects
Lack of dopamine

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10
Q

What does a mutation in α-synuclein cause?

A

Aberrant proteostasis

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11
Q

What do mutation in Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 affect?

A

Mitochondrial function

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12
Q

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons - Ca2+ burden

A

Energy burden for Ca2+ homeostasis is high meaning less energy for other things such as proteostasis –> misfolding proteins

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13
Q

Why do substantia nigra dopamine neurones have an energy burden?

A

Ca2+ homeostasis

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14
Q

21st century treatments for Parkinson’s disease

A

PROTECTION - Ca2+ channels blockers
REGENERATION - transplantation, stem cells
STIMULATION - smart stimulators, optogenetics

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15
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s disease

A
  • Progressive hyperkinesis/dyskinesis
  • Dystonia
  • Dementia
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16
Q

What is the pathology of Huntington’s disease?

A

Striato-GPe neurons die first, followed by striato-GPi neurones –> widespread neurodegeneration

Generally put, neuronal loss in the basal ganglia and dilation of the lateral ventricles

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17
Q

Cause of Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal dominant hereditary disease

CAG repeats in Huntingtin gene relates to disease expression

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18
Q

How does the number of CAG repeats in Huntingtin relate to disease expression?

A
  • <35 no disease
  • 35-39 enhanced risk, onset 40-75 yrs
  • 40-50 disease onset 30-40 yrs
  • > 50 early onset
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19
Q

What is the Huntingtin gene involved in?

A

Synaptic vesicle dynamic and neurotransmitter release

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20
Q

Treatments of Huntington’s disease?

A
  • Memantine
  • Tetrabenazine
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • RNAi
  • Stem cell transplantation
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21
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disordered thought and speech
22
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Things that may start to happen if you have the disease

23
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Things that may stop happening if you have the disease

24
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Alogia (lack of speech)
  • Anhedonia
  • Asociality
  • Avolition
  • Flat affect
25
Pathology of schizophrenia
Increased levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway
26
What is the gene associated with schizophrenia?
DISC1
27
Causes of schizophrenia?
- Genetics - DISC1 - Environment - Development - Drug abuse - Reduced NMDA receptor function
28
Treatment of schizophrenia
- Antipsychotics | - Psychotherapy
29
Pathology of depression
Reduced hippocampal volume
30
Causes of depression
- Serotonin transporter abnormalities - Social - Psychological
31
Treatment of depression
- SSRIs - Light therapy, sleep deprivation - Psychotherapy - Exercise
32
What is a stroke?
Neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists more than 24 hours, interrupted by death
33
Types of stroke
Ischaemic or Haemorrhagic
34
Ischaemic strokes
- Embolus | - Thrombus
35
Haemorrhagic strokes
- Entry of blood into CNS via rupture of blood vessels
36
Classifications of haemotomas affecting the brain
Epidural Subdural Subarachnoid Intracerebral
37
Epidural haemotoma
Traumatic damage to a meningeal artery or dural venous sinus
38
Subdural haemotoma
Rapid movement of head causes tearing of the cerebral vein as it enters a dural venous sinus
39
Subarachnoid haemotoma
Caused by damage to a cerebral after or vein and subsequent bleeding into the subarachnoid space
40
Intracerebral haemotoma
Caused by damage of a blood vessel within the brain
41
What is epilepsy?
Repeated seizures
42
Types of epilepsy
Partial/focal and generalised
43
What is the most common epilepsy of adult?
Temporal lobe epilepsy
44
Causes of epilepsy
- 2/3 idiopathic - Genetic - Drugs etc.
45
Treatments for acute epilepsy
- Recovery position and give reassurance | - Benzodiazepines
46
Treatments for chronic epilepsy
- Surgical - Deep brain stimulation - Avoid trigger - Pharmacological; Ethosuximide Ca2+ channel blocker, carbamazepine GABA receptor
47
Symptoms of Alzheimer's disease
- Short-term memory loss - Progressive apathy, confusion, irritability - Long-term memory loss, loss of control of bodily function
48
Pathology of Alzheimer's disease
- Loss of neurons - ß-amyloid plaques - Neurofibrillary tangles
49
Causes of Alzheimer's disease
- Age is a factor - Genetics: ApoE4 - Trauma - High cholesterol
50
Which gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
ApoE4
51
Treatment for Alzheimer's disease
AChE inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists Diet, exercise, intellectual stimulation, no caffeine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Neuroscience (26 decks)

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