Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroscience > Diseases of the Brain > Flashcards

Diseases of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Define neurological

A

Physical signs and symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define psychiatric

A

Mental disorders

- research shows that brain is functionally abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Neurological assessment

A
  • State of consciousness
  • Gait
  • Mental state
  • Coordination
  • Cognitive function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Psychiatric assessment

A
  • General behaviour
  • Mood
  • Abnormal beliefs
  • Cognitive state
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • Spontaneous movement
  • Gait difficulty
  • Postural instability
  • Rigidity
  • Tremor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pathology of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Degeneration of the pigmented neurones in the substantial nigra of the brain —> decreased DA availability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is used as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease?

A

Deep brain stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A
  • sub thalamic nucleus most effective
    Frequencies > 60Hz alleviate symptoms
    Frequencies <30Hz exacerbate symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Mutations in α-synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, ATP13A2, PLA2G6 but even identical mutations can have different effects
Lack of dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a mutation in α-synuclein cause?

A

Aberrant proteostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do mutation in Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 affect?

A

Mitochondrial function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons - Ca2+ burden

A

Energy burden for Ca2+ homeostasis is high meaning less energy for other things such as proteostasis –> misfolding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do substantia nigra dopamine neurones have an energy burden?

A

Ca2+ homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

21st century treatments for Parkinson’s disease

A

PROTECTION - Ca2+ channels blockers
REGENERATION - transplantation, stem cells
STIMULATION - smart stimulators, optogenetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s disease

A
  • Progressive hyperkinesis/dyskinesis
  • Dystonia
  • Dementia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pathology of Huntington’s disease?

A

Striato-GPe neurons die first, followed by striato-GPi neurones –> widespread neurodegeneration

Generally put, neuronal loss in the basal ganglia and dilation of the lateral ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cause of Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal dominant hereditary disease

CAG repeats in Huntingtin gene relates to disease expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the number of CAG repeats in Huntingtin relate to disease expression?

A
  • <35 no disease
  • 35-39 enhanced risk, onset 40-75 yrs
  • 40-50 disease onset 30-40 yrs
  • > 50 early onset
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Huntingtin gene involved in?

A

Synaptic vesicle dynamic and neurotransmitter release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatments of Huntington’s disease?

A
  • Memantine
  • Tetrabenazine
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • RNAi
  • Stem cell transplantation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disordered thought and speech
22
Q

What are positive symptoms?

A

Things that may start to happen if you have the disease

23
Q

What are negative symptoms?

A

Things that may stop happening if you have the disease

24
Q

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A
  • Alogia (lack of speech)
  • Anhedonia
  • Asociality
  • Avolition
  • Flat affect
25
Q

Pathology of schizophrenia

A

Increased levels of dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway

26
Q

What is the gene associated with schizophrenia?

A

DISC1

27
Q

Causes of schizophrenia?

A
  • Genetics - DISC1
  • Environment
  • Development
  • Drug abuse
  • Reduced NMDA receptor function
28
Q

Treatment of schizophrenia

A
  • Antipsychotics

- Psychotherapy

29
Q

Pathology of depression

A

Reduced hippocampal volume

30
Q

Causes of depression

A
  • Serotonin transporter abnormalities
  • Social
  • Psychological
31
Q

Treatment of depression

A
  • SSRIs
  • Light therapy, sleep deprivation
  • Psychotherapy
  • Exercise
32
Q

What is a stroke?

A

Neurological deficit of cerebrovascular cause that persists more than 24 hours, interrupted by death

33
Q

Types of stroke

A

Ischaemic or Haemorrhagic

34
Q

Ischaemic strokes

A
  • Embolus

- Thrombus

35
Q

Haemorrhagic strokes

A
  • Entry of blood into CNS via rupture of blood vessels
36
Q

Classifications of haemotomas affecting the brain

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Intracerebral

37
Q

Epidural haemotoma

A

Traumatic damage to a meningeal artery or dural venous sinus

38
Q

Subdural haemotoma

A

Rapid movement of head causes tearing of the cerebral vein as it enters a dural venous sinus

39
Q

Subarachnoid haemotoma

A

Caused by damage to a cerebral after or vein and subsequent bleeding into the subarachnoid space

40
Q

Intracerebral haemotoma

A

Caused by damage of a blood vessel within the brain

41
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

Repeated seizures

42
Q

Types of epilepsy

A

Partial/focal and generalised

43
Q

What is the most common epilepsy of adult?

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

44
Q

Causes of epilepsy

A
  • 2/3 idiopathic
  • Genetic
  • Drugs
    etc.
45
Q

Treatments for acute epilepsy

A
  • Recovery position and give reassurance

- Benzodiazepines

46
Q

Treatments for chronic epilepsy

A
  • Surgical
  • Deep brain stimulation
  • Avoid trigger
  • Pharmacological; Ethosuximide Ca2+ channel blocker, carbamazepine GABA receptor
47
Q

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Short-term memory loss
  • Progressive apathy, confusion, irritability
  • Long-term memory loss, loss of control of bodily function
48
Q

Pathology of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Loss of neurons
  • ß-amyloid plaques
  • Neurofibrillary tangles
49
Q

Causes of Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Age is a factor
  • Genetics: ApoE4
  • Trauma
  • High cholesterol
50
Q

Which gene is associated with Alzheimer’s disease?

A

ApoE4

51
Q

Treatment for Alzheimer’s disease

A

AChE inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists

Diet, exercise, intellectual stimulation, no caffeine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Neuroscience (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions