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Comparative Anatomy > The Head > Flashcards

The Head Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the sagittal crest and temporal lines join

A

The external occipital protuberance

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2
Q

What is the nuchal crest

A

The transition between dorsal and caudal surface of skull

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3
Q

The temporal fossa is bound medially by….

A

Saggital crest

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4
Q

The temporal fossa is bound caudally by…

A

Nuchal crest

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5
Q

The temporal fossa is bound ventrally by…

A

Zygomatic process/temporal bone

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6
Q

Mesaticephalic

A

Average conformation

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7
Q

Dolichocephalic

A

Longer face

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8
Q

Brachycephalic

A

Smushed face

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9
Q

What shaped is the nasal bone in brachycephalic breeds

A

Round

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10
Q

What shape is the nasal bone in dolichocephalic breeds

A

Oval

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11
Q

What bone contains the upper cheek teeth and canines

A

Maxilla

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12
Q

The incisive bone contains…

A

3 upper incisor teeth

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13
Q

What are the 3 caudal openings of the orbit

A

Optic canal, orbital fissure and rostral alar foramen

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14
Q

What passes through the optic canal

A

Optic n.

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15
Q

What passes through the orbital fissure

A

Oculomotor n., trochlear n., abducent n., ophtalmic n.

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16
Q

What passes through the rostral alar foramen

A

Maxillary a. and n.

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17
Q

What forms the orbital margin

A

Frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones

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18
Q

What forms the zygomatic arch

A

Maxilla, zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone

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19
Q

The zygomatic arch forms the…

A

Cheek bone

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20
Q

Origin of the massester m.

A

Zygomatic arch

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21
Q

Pterygoid m. origin

A

Pterygopalatine

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22
Q

What is the orbital ligament

A

The fibrous band between the zygomatic process and frontal process

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23
Q

Fossa for lacrimal sac

A

Nasolacrimal canal for nasolacrimal duct

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24
Q

Infraorbital foramen

A

Rostral opening of infraorbital canal, passageway for infraorbital a/v/n

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25
Q

The ventral surface of the skull consists of…

A

Basiooccipital b., tympanic b., petrosal part of temporal b., basiphenoid b., and presphenoid b.

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26
Q

Origin of digastricus m.

A

Paracondylar process

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27
Q

What muscles terminate on the mastoid process

A

Mastoid parts of cleidocephalicus and sternocephalicus

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28
Q

What exits through the oval foramen

A

Mandibular n.

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29
Q

The tympano-occipital fissure is a passageway for what?

A

Glossopharyngeal n., vaugs n., accessory n., internal carotid a., internal jugular v., postganglionic axons from cranial cervical ganglion

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30
Q

What joint forms the mandibular fossa

A

Temporomandibular joint

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31
Q

What is the mandibular fossa

A

The zygomatic process of the temporal bone articulating with condyles of mandible

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32
Q

The external occipital protuberance is also called…

A

The sagittal crest of the skull

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33
Q

What is the foramen magnum

A

The passageway of the spinal cord which continues as the brainstem

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34
Q

What is the hyoid apparatus

A

Composed of hyoid bones that stabilize the tonhus and larynx by suspending them from the skull

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35
Q

The lower and upper jaw are each divided into…

A

Body and ramus

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36
Q

Masseter m. insertion

A

Masseteric fossa

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37
Q

The medial side of the coronoid process has a depression for…

A

Insertion of the temporal m.

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38
Q

Condylar process

A

Helps form the temporomandibular joint

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39
Q

Mandibular notch

A

U shaped depression between condylar process and coronoid process

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40
Q

Angular process

A

Hooked eminence ventral to condylar process

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41
Q

The angular process is the attachment of the ___ m. medially, and ___ m. laterally

A

Pterygoid; masseter

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42
Q

Mandibular foramen

A

Caudal opening of mandibular canal

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43
Q

Deciduous teeth are fully erupted…

A

At 6 weeks

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44
Q

Permanent teeth are fully erupted…

A

6 months

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45
Q

What is the roof of the braincase called

A

The calvaria

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46
Q

What forms the calvaria

A

The parietal and frontal bones

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47
Q

Choanae

A

Caudal end of the nasal septum where the 2 nasal cavities open into the nasopharynx

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48
Q

Conchae

A

In each half of nasal cavity, act as baffles to warm and cleanse the air, also have olfactory neurons

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49
Q

The ventral and dorsal concha are divided into 4 primary passages known as…

A

Meatuses: dorsal nasal, middle nasal, ventral nasal and common nasal

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50
Q

What is the only muscle of the face not innervated by the facial nerve

A

Levator palpebrae superioris m.

51
Q

Orbicularis oris function

A

Shapes and controls the size of the mouth opening

52
Q

Buccinator m.

A

Returns food from vestibule to occlusal surface of teeth

53
Q

Levator nasobialis origin

A

Maxillary bone

54
Q

Levator nasobialis insertion

A

Edge of upper lip on external naris

55
Q

Levator nasobialis function

A

Dilates the nostrils and raises the upper lip

56
Q

What eyelid has cilia

A

Upper

57
Q

Lacrimal gland secretes into…

A

Conjunctival sac

58
Q

Another name for plica semilunaris

A

3rd eyelid, nictitating membrane

59
Q

Function of 3rd eyelide

A

Lubricates the cornea

60
Q

What is cherry eye

A

When the tear gland of the nictitating membrane is prolapsed

61
Q

What muscle closes the eyelifes

A

Orbicularis oculi

62
Q

Action of retractor anguli oculi lateralis m.

A

Close palpebral fissure

63
Q

Function of levator palpebrae superioris m.

A

Elevates upper lid

64
Q

Innervation of levator palpebrae superioris m.

A

Oculomotor n.

65
Q

Vestibule

A

Cavity outside the teeth and gums and inside the lips and cheeks

66
Q

Parotid duct

A

Opens through the cheek on a small papilla located opposite the caudal end of the upper shearing tooth

67
Q

Ducts of zygomatic gland

A

Open into vestibule lateral to last upper molar tooth

68
Q

What are the 5 types of papillae on the tongue

A

Filiform, conical, fungiform, foliate, vallate

69
Q

What are the papillae that make up the taste buds

A

Fungiform (salt), foliate (bitter), vallate (sweet)

70
Q

What allows the dog to curl its tongue when it drinks

A

Lyssa

71
Q

What attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

A

Lingual frenulum

72
Q

What are the 4 salivary glands/ducts

A

Mandibular, sublingual, parotid, zygomatic

73
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the salivary glands

A

Cranial nerves, facial and glossopharyngeal

74
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands

A

Preganglionic n. in thoracic segments T1-T3 synapse in the cranial cervical ganglion

75
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ

A

Tubular structure found at the base of nasal spetum, olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli

76
Q

What closes off the nasal passages during swallowing

A

Soft palate

77
Q

The incisive papilla is the opening to…

A

The incisive duct

78
Q

Oropharynx

A

Extends from caudal border of soft palate and the base of the epiglottis at the caudal end of the root of the tongue

79
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

Fossa in which the tonsil is located

80
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Extends from choanae to junction of palatopharyngeal arch at caudal border of soft palate

81
Q

Auditory tube

A

Slitlike opening that drains excess mucus of tympanic bulla

82
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extends from palatopharyngeal arch to the beginning of the esophagus

83
Q

What are the 4 muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis, masseter, medial & lateral pterygoid and digastricus

84
Q

Temporalis origin

A

Temporal fossa

85
Q

Temporalis insertion

A

Coronoid process of mandible

86
Q

Temporalis action

A

Closes the jaw

87
Q

Temporalis innervation

A

Mandibular and trigeminal nerves

88
Q

Masseter origin

A

Zygomatic arch

89
Q

Masseter insertion

A

Masseteric fossa of mandible and angular process

90
Q

Masseter action

A

Closes the jaw

91
Q

Masseter innervation

A

Mandibular and trigeminal nerves

92
Q

Medial & lateral pterygoid origin

A

Pterygopalatine fossa

93
Q

Medial & lateral pterygoid insertion

A

Medial surface and caudal margin of the ramus of the mandible and angular process

94
Q

Medial & lateral pterygoid innervation

A

Mandibular and trigeminal nerves

95
Q

Digastricus origin

A

Paracondylar process of occipital bone

96
Q

Digastricus insertion

A

Body of mandible

97
Q

What are the two parts of the digastricus

A

Rostral and caudal

98
Q

Digastricus action

A

Open the jaw

99
Q

Digastricus innervation

A

Rostral: mandibular n.
Caudal: facial n.

100
Q

What are the 3 lingual muscles

A

Styloglossus, hyoglossus and geniglossus

101
Q

Styloglossus origin

A

Stylohyoid bone

102
Q

Styloglossus insertion

A

Middle of the tongue

103
Q

Styloglossus action

A

Retracts and elevates the tongue

104
Q

Styloglossus innervation

A

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

105
Q

Hyoglossus origin

A

Thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones

106
Q

Hyoglossus action

A

Retracts and depresses tongue

107
Q

Hyoglossus innervation

A

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

108
Q

Genioglossus origin

A

Symphysis and adjacent surface of the body of mandible

109
Q

Genioglossus action

A

Caudal fibers: protrude tongue

Rostral fibers: retracts apex

110
Q

Genioglossus

A

Hypoglossal n. (XII)

111
Q

What are the 7 extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Obliquus dorsalis, obliquus ventraliz, dorsal rectus, ventral rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, retractor bubli

112
Q

What is the trochlea of the eye

A

A pulley structure in the eye through which the dorsal oblique muscle passes

113
Q

What does the trochlear n. innervate

A

Obliquus dorsalis

114
Q

What does the oculomotor n. innervate

A

Obliquus ventralis and all the rectus muscles except the lateral one

115
Q

What does the abducent n. innervate

A

Lateral rectus and retractor bulbi

116
Q

Where do all the eye muscles insert

A

Sclera

117
Q

Retractor bulbi action

A

Keeps eye in orbit

118
Q

Dorsal rectus action

A

Moves eye up and down

119
Q

Lateral rectus action

A

Abduction

120
Q

Ventral rectus action

A

Moves eye downward

121
Q

Obliquus ventralis action

A

Pulls eye up and laterally

122
Q

Obliquus dorsalis action

A

Pulls eye down and medially

123
Q

Medial rectus action

A

Adduction

124
Q

Dorsal rectus action

A

Moves eye up

Comparative Anatomy (27 decks)

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