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Comparative Anatomy > Bones of the Vertebral Column and Thorax > Flashcards

Bones of the Vertebral Column and Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the vertebral column

A

50

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2
Q

5 groups of the vertebrae

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal

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3
Q

The sacrum is…

A

The three sacral vertebrae fused together

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4
Q

What does a typical vertebrae consist of

A

A body, a vertebral arch with right and left pedicles and laminae, and transverse, spinous and articular processes

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5
Q

The cranial extremity of the body is…

A

Convex

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6
Q

The caudal extremity of the body is…

A

Concave

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7
Q

What is the fibrocartilaginous structure between vertebral bodies

A

Nucleus pulposus

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8
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus

A

The dense fibrous tissue that surrounds the nucleus pulposus

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9
Q

How is the vertebral arch divided

A

Basal part: the pedicles

Dorsal part: the laminae

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10
Q

The vertebral foramina join to form…

A

The vertebral canal

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11
Q

The cranial vertebral notches are…

A

Shallow

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12
Q

The caudal vertebral notches are…

A

Deep

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13
Q

What does the spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through

A

The intervertebral foramina (formed by the vertebral notches)

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14
Q

What makes the spinous process

A

The joining of the right and left laminae

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15
Q

The transverse process forms when…

A

The arch meets the vertebral body

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16
Q

Where are the articular processes located

A

At the junction of the pedicle and laminae

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17
Q

How many C vertebrae

A

7

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18
Q

What is different about the atlas

A

Modified articular processes, lack of spinous process and reduction in its body

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19
Q

The 2 cranial articular foveae of the atlas articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull to form…

A

The atlanto-occipital joint

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20
Q

Main movement of the atlanto-occipital joint is

A

Flexion and extension

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21
Q

What joint is formed between the atlas and axis

A

Atlanto axial joint

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22
Q

Main movement of the atlantoaxial joint is

A

Rotation

23
Q

What passes through the transverse foramina of the atlas

A

The vertebral artery and vein and 1st C spinal nerve

24
Q

The first cervical spinal nerves pass through which foramina

A

The transverse and lateral vertebral foramina of the atlas

25
Q

What is different about the axis

A

Cranially, the body projects forward as the dens

26
Q

The cranial vertebral notch of the axis concurs with the atlas to form…

A

The first intervertebral foramen (where the second C nerve passes)

27
Q

What is different about the 6th C vertebrae

A

It has a high spine and expanded ventral lamina of the transverse process

28
Q

What is different about the 7th C vertebrae

A

It lacks transverse foramina and has the highest spine

29
Q

How many T vertebrae

A

13

30
Q

The 1-10 T vertebrae have…

A

Cranial and caudal costal fovea on each side for rib articulation

31
Q

What is different about the 11-13 T vertebrae

A

They have one complete cranial costal fovea on each side

32
Q

What vertebrae is the anticlinal vertebrae

A

11th T, because it is nearly perpendicular to the long axis of that bone

33
Q

All spines caudal to the 11th T point…

A

Cranially

34
Q

In general, the cranial articular processes point

A

Dorsal cranial

35
Q

In general, the caudal articular process point

A

Ventral caudal

36
Q

What allows for the flexion and extension of the caudal-thoracic and lumbar region while limiting lateral movement

A

The caudal articular processes facing laterally (10-13T) and the cranial articular processes facing medially (11-13T); similar arrangement in L vertebrae

37
Q

What is the mammillary process

A

Dorsal projection of the transverse processes of the 2nd through 10th T vertebrae and cranial articular processes of the 11th T through caudal vertebrae

38
Q

What attaches to the mammillary processes

A

Epaxial muscles of the transversospinalis system

39
Q

How many L vertebrae

A

7

40
Q

The median sacral crest represents…

A

The fusion of the 3 spinous processes of the sacrum

41
Q

What transmits the dorsal branches of the first 2 sacral spinal nerves

A

The dorsal sacral foramina of the sacrum

42
Q

What transmits the ventral branches of the first 2 sacral spinal nerves

A

The pelvic sacral foramina of the sacrum

43
Q

What part of the sacrum articulates with the ilium

A

Auricular face

44
Q

What is the average number of Ca vertebrae in the dog

A

20

45
Q

How many pairs of ribs

A

13

46
Q

All ribs have…

A

Dorsal bony and ventral cartilaginous parts that meet at a costochondral junction

47
Q

What ribs articulate directly with the sternum

A

The first 9 pairs

48
Q

What forms the costal arch

A

The costal cartilages of the 10, 11 and 12 ribs uniting

49
Q

The head of ribs 1-10 articulates with…

A

The costal fovea of 2 vertebrae and the intervening fibrocartilage

50
Q

The head of ribs 11-13 articulate with…

A

Only the cranial costal fovea on the body of the vertebrae of the same number

51
Q

How many segments in the sternum

A

8, unpaired

52
Q

What joins the sternebrae

A

Intersternebral cartilages

53
Q

What is the name for the first sternebrae

A

The manubrium

54
Q

What is the name for the last sternebrae

A

The xiphoid process

Comparative Anatomy (27 decks)

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