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Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Clindamycin, & others Flashcards

0
Q

Tetracycline

Mechanism of action

A

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit

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1
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tigecycline

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2
Q

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Tetracycline

Mechanism of action

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3
Q

Tetracycline

Effects

A

Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria

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4
Q

Tetracycline

Clinical applications

A

Infections caused by mycoplasma, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, some spirochetes, malaria, H pylori, acne

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5
Q

Infections caused by mycoplasma, chlamydiae, rickettsiae, some spirochetes, malaria, H pylori, acne

A

Tetracycline

Clinical applications

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6
Q

Tetracycline

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

A

Oral, mixed clearance (half-life 8 h), dosed every 6 h, divalent cations impair oral absorption, TOXICITY: Gastrointestinal upset, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity, deposition in bone and teeth

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7
Q

Oral, mixed clearance (half-life 8 h), dosed every 6 h, divalent cations impair oral absorption, TOXICITY: Gastrointestinal upset, hepatotoxicity, photosensitivity, deposition in bone and teeth

A

Tetracycline

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

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8
Q

Docycycline

A

Oral and IV; longer half-life (18 h) so dosed twice daily; nonrenal elimination; absorption is minimally affected by divalent cations; used to treat community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of bronchitis

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9
Q

Oral and IV; longer half-life (18 h) so dosed twice daily; nonrenal elimination; absorption is minimally affected by divalent cations; used to treat community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of bronchitis

A

Docycycline

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10
Q

Minocycline

A

Oral; longer half-life (16 h) so dosed twice daily; frequently causes reversible vestibular toxicity

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11
Q

Oral; longer half-life (16 h) so dosed twice daily; frequently causes reversible vestibular toxicity

A

Minocycline

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12
Q

Tigecycline

A

IV; unaffected by common tetracycline resistance mechanisms; very broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria; nausea and vomiting are the primary toxicities

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13
Q

IV; unaffected by common tetracycline resistance mechanisms; very broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria; nausea and vomiting are the primary toxicities

A

Tigecycline

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14
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Telithromycin

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15
Q

Erythromycin

Mechanism of action

A

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

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16
Q

Erythromycin

Effects

A

Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria

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17
Q

Erythromycin

Clinical applications

A

Community-acquired pneumonia, pertussis, corynebacterial and chlamydial infections

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18
Q

Community-acquired pneumonia, pertussis, corynebacterial and chlamydial infections

A

Erythromycin

Clinical applications

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19
Q

Erythromycin

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

A

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 1.5 h), dosed every 6 h, cytochrome P450 inhibitor, TOXICITY: Gastrointestinal upset, hepatotoxicity, QTc prolongation

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20
Q

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 1.5 h), dosed every 6 h, cytochrome P450 inhibitor, TOXICITY: Gastrointestinal upset, hepatotoxicity, QTc prolongation

A

Erythromycin

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

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21
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Oral; longer half-life (4 h) so dosed twice daily; added activity versus M avium complex, toxoplasma, and M leprae

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22
Q

Oral; longer half-life (4 h) so dosed twice daily; added activity versus M avium complex, toxoplasma, and M leprae

A

Clarithromycin

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23
Q

Azithromycin

A

Oral, IV; very long half-life (68 h) allows for once- daily dosing and 5-day course of therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; does not inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes

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24
Q

Oral, IV; very long half-life (68 h) allows for once- daily dosing and 5-day course of therapy of community-acquired pneumonia; does not inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes

A

Azithromycin

25
Q

Telithromycin

A

Oral; unaffected by efflux-mediated resistance so is active versus many erythromycine-resistant strains of pneumococci; rare cases of fulminant hepatic failure

26
Q

Oral; unaffected by efflux-mediated resistance so is active versus many erythromycine-resistant strains of pneumococci; rare cases of fulminant hepatic failure

A

Telithromycin

27
Q

Lincosamide

A

Clindamycin

28
Q

Clindamycin

A

Lincosamide

29
Q

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Mechanism of action

A

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

30
Q

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Effects

A

Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria

31
Q

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Clinical applications

A

Skin and soft tissue infections, anaerobic infections

32
Q

Skin and soft tissue infections, anaerobic infections

A

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Clinical applications

33
Q

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

A

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 2.5 h, dosed every 6-8 houres, TOXICITY: Gastrointestinal upset, C difficil colitis

34
Q

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 2.5 h, dosed every 6-8 houres, TOXICITY: Gastrointestinal upset, C difficil colitis

A

Clindamycin (lincosamide)

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

35
Q

Streptogramins

A

Quinupristin-dalfopristin

36
Q

Quinupristin-dalfopristin

A

Streptogramins

37
Q

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Mechanism of action

A

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

38
Q

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

A

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Mechanism of action

39
Q

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Effect

A

Rapid bactericidal activity against most susceptible bacteria

40
Q

Rapid bactericidal activity against most susceptible bacteria

A

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Effect

41
Q

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Clinical applications

A

Infections caused by staphylococci or vancomycin-resistant strains of E faecium

42
Q

Infections caused by staphylococci or vancomycin-resistant strains of E faecium

A

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Clinical applications

43
Q

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

A

IV, hepatic clearance, dosed every 8-12 h, cytochrome P450 inhibitor, TOXICITY: Severe infusion-related myalgias and arthalgias

44
Q

IV, hepatic clearance, dosed every 8-12 h, cytochrome P450 inhibitor, TOXICITY: Severe infusion-related myalgias and arthalgias

A

Quinupristin-dalfopristin (streptogramins)

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

45
Q

Chlorampheicol

Mechanism of action

A

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit

46
Q

Chlorampheicol

Effect

A

Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria

47
Q

Chlorampheicol

Clinical applications

A

Use is rare in the developed world because of serious toxicities

48
Q

Use is rare in the developed world because of serious toxicities

A

Chlorampheicol

Clinical applications

49
Q

Chlorampheicol

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

A

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 2.5 h), dosage is 50-100 mg/kg/d in four divided doses, TOXICITY: Dose-related anemia, idiosyncratic aplasic anemia, gray baby syndrom

50
Q

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 2.5 h), dosage is 50-100 mg/kg/d in four divided doses, TOXICITY: Dose-related anemia, idiosyncratic aplasic anemia, gray baby syndrom

A

Chlorampheicol

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

51
Q

Oxazolidinones

52
Q

Linezolid

A

Oxazolidinones

53
Q

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Mechanism of action

A

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA of 50S subunit

54
Q

Prevents bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA of 50S subunit

A

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Mechanism of action

55
Q

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Effect

A

Bacteriostatic activity against susceptible bacteria

56
Q

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Clinical applications

A

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci

57
Q

Infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci

A

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Clinical applications

58
Q

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

A

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 6 h), dosed twice-daily, TOXICITY: Duration-dependent bone marrow suppression, neuropathy, and optic neuritis, serotonin syndrome may occur when coadministered with other serotonergic drugs (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibittors)

59
Q

Oral, IV, hepatic clearance (half-life 6 h), dosed twice-daily, TOXICITY: Duration-dependent bone marrow suppression, neuropathy, and optic neuritis, serotonin syndrome may occur when coadministered with other serotonergic drugs (eg, selective serotonin reuptake inhibittors)

A

Linezolid (oxazolidinones)

Pharmacokinetics, Toxicities, Interactions

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