Test 4 Digestive Flashcards by Jackie O'Donnell

what controls the saliva

sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

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is an anticholenergic agent that inhibits salvation

atropine

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increases salivary secretion

beta adrenergic stimulation

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what does the stomach absorb

water

alcohol

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what does the Duodenum absorb

Iron 
Calcium 
Fats
Sugars
Water
Proteins
Vitamines
Magnesium
Sodium

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what does the jejunum absorb

sugar

proteins

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what does the ileum absorb

bile salts
vitamine b12
chloride

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what does the colon absorb

water

electrolytes

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what do intestinal bacteria metabolize

bile salts
estrogens
lipids

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where are anaerobic bacteria found

distal ileocecal valve

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where are aerobes found

low concentrations in the jejunum

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symptoms of vomiting

Hypersalivation

Tachycardia

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nonproductive vomiting

retching

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is spontaneous vomiting that does not follow nauseas or retching
Brainstem problems

Projectile vomiting

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increased frequency of bowl movements more than 3 a day

Increased volume, fluidity, weight of feces

Diarrhea

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a nonabsorable substances in the intestine draws water into the lumen by osmosis

osmotic diarrhea

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is a form of large-volume diarrhea caused by excessive mucosal secretion of chloride or bicarbonate rich fluid or inhibition of net sodium absorption

secretory diarrhea

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excess motility decrease transit time, mucosal surface contact, and opportunities fro fluid absorption resulting in diarrhea

motility diarrhea

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complications of diarrhea

metabolic acidosis

hypokalemia

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vomiting blood

hematemesis

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hematochezia

bright red blood per rectum

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dark and tarry stool

melena

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coffee ground hematemesis occurs in

upper intestinal bleeds

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bright red hematemesis occurs in

acute bleeding

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hematichezia occurs in

lower gastrointestinal bleeds

melena occurs in

upper intestinal bleeds

difficulty swallowing

dysphagia

denervation of smooth muscle in the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation

achalasia

is the reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus

GERD

if GERD causes inflammation of the esophagus it is called

reflux esophagitis

is the blocking or narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum Can be aired or congenital Causes metabolic acidosis

Pyloric obstruction

is any condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen or failure of normal intestinal utility in the absence of an obstructing lesion

intestinal obstruction

is a motility problem of the intestines

ileus

occlusion | Usually secondary to adhesion

simple obstruction

paralytic from sedation or anesthesia

functional obstruction

is an acute form of a peptic ulcer that is related to severe illness, stress, or systemic trauma

stress ulcer

ulcers seen when there is hemorrhage, severe burns, or heart failure

ischemic ulcer

ulcers that develop as a result of brain injury and hyper secretion of acid

cushing ulcers

is the rapid emptying of chyme from a surgically created, residual stomach into the small intestine 10-20 min after eating

dumping syndrome

Chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa Sigmoid colon and rectum

Ulcerative colitis

idiopathic inflammatory disorder, affects any part of the digestive tract, from mouth to anus

crohns disease

herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall, especially the sigmoid colon

diverticula

asymptomatic diverticular disease

diverticulosis

the inflammatory stage of diverticulosis

diverticulitis

is the cellular basis for obesity | Secretes hormones and adipokines

adipocyte

causes dysfunction of adipocytes

visceral fat

stimulate eating

orexins

inhibit eating

anorexins

stimulate appetite

ghrelin (stomach)

suppresses appetite

leptin (adipose tissue)

anti inflammatory

adiponectin (adipose tissue)

Is abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous sytem dut to resistance to portal blood flow

portal hypertension

Clinical manifestations of portal hypertension

Varices splenomegaly ascites hepatic encephalopathy

systemic viral disease that primarily affects the liver

hepatits

formally known as infectious hepatitis

hepatits A

Transmitted through contact with infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles Maternal transmission can occur if the mother is infected during the third trimester

hepatits B

is responsible for most cases of post-transfusion hepatitis | Also implicated in infections related to IV drug use

hepatits C

Depends on hepatitis B for replication

hepatits D

fecal to oral transmission | Developing countries

hepatitis E

Hepatitis that was recently discovered | Parentally and sexually transmitted

hepatitis G

Irreversible inflammatory disease that disrupts liver function and even structure

cirrhosis

the oxidation of alcohol damages hepatocytes

alcoholic cirrhosis

Cirrhosis begins in the bile canaliculi and ducts

biliary cirrhosis

consequences of chronic disease

postnecrotic cirrhosis

gallstone formation

cholelithiasis