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Patho > Test 3 Neuro part 1 > Flashcards

Test 3 Neuro part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Thalamus

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2
Q

is mediated by the reticular activating system, which regulates aspects of attention and information processing and maintains consciousness

A

Arousal

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3
Q

encompasses all cognitive function and is mediated by attentional systems, memory systems, language systems, and executive systems

A

Awareness

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4
Q

Structural alterations in arousal locations

A 
Supratentorial 
Infratentorial
Subdural 
Extracerebral
intracerebral
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5
Q

Metabolic alteration in arousal are caused by

A

energy substrates

neuronal excitability

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6
Q

breathing pattern that is describes as hyperventilation which leads to apnea
Responds only to PaCO2

A

posthyperventilation apnea PHVA

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7
Q

breathing pattern that is described as crescendo/hyperpnea followed decrescendo/apnea

A

cheyne-stokes

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8
Q

breathing patterns that indicate damage in the cerebral cortex not brain stem

A

PHVA

Cheyne-stokes

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9
Q

breathing pattern that is described as hyperpnea

A

central neurogenic hyperventilation

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10
Q

breathing pattern that is described as prolonged inspiratory “cramp”

A

apneusis

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11
Q

breathing pattern that is described as irregular pauses between breaths

A

cluster breathing

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12
Q

breathing pattern that is described as completely irregular

A

ataxic breathing

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13
Q

breathing pattern that is described as deep, slow breaths/gasps

A

agonal gasping

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14
Q

what type of breathing is seen when mid brain is effected

A

central neurogenic hyperventilation

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15
Q

what type of breathing is seen when the lower pons and medulla are effected

A

cluster breathing

Ataxic breathing

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16
Q

what type of breathing is seen when the brain stem is effected

A

agonal gasping

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17
Q

pupil reaction to metabolic imbalance or deep bilateral hemisphere lesion such as hydrocephalus or thalamic hemorrhage

A

small
reactive
and regular

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18
Q

pupil reaction to diencephalic dysfunction

A

small

reactive

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19
Q

pupil reaction to dysfunction of third cranial nerve

A

Sluggish
Dilated
Fixed

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20
Q

pupil reaction to midbrain dysfunction

A

mid position

fixed

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21
Q

pupil reaction to pontine dysfunction

A

pinpoint

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22
Q

pupil reaction to dysfunction of tectum(roof) of the midbrain

A

large
Fixed
Hippus

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23
Q

eyes turn together to side opposite from turn of head

A

normal oculocephalic (dolls eyes) test

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24
Q

eye turn in a disconjugate movement as head is moved

A

abnormal oculocephalic test

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25
Q

eyes do not turn as head position changes

A

absent oculocephalic test

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26
Q

What is disrupted during the oculovestibular (caloric test)

A

endolymphatic flow

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27
Q

decorticate posture is demonstrated when what part of the brain is damaged

A

the cortex

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28
Q

decerebrate posture is demonstrated when what part of the brain is damaged

A

midbrain and upper pons

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29
Q

sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by abrupt explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons

A

seizures

30
Q

abnormal nerve connections
neurotransmitter imbalance
recurrent

A

epilepsy

31
Q

what part of the brain is damaged when their is UE extension and LE flexion

A

pons

32
Q

what part of the brain is damaged when the body is flaccid

A

lower pons

upper medula

33
Q

attention, thought, and action deficit

RAS disruption

A

acute confusion

34
Q

clinical manifestations of acute confusion

A 
Confusion
restlessness
focus problems 
delusions 
hallucinations
perseveration
35
Q

Acute brain disfunction
Develops over 2-3 days
can be caused from ICU, post-op, or drug withdrawal
Abrupt onset

A

delirium

36
Q

Progressive failure of cerebral functions not caused by impaired LOC

A

Dementia

37
Q

Causes of dementia

A

Inflammation or biochemical alterations that lead to neurodgeneration
Cerebral atrophy
Multifocal infarcts
trauma

38
Q

what classification of dementia is vascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative dementia associated with

A

Etiology

39
Q

what classification of dementia is Alzheimer’s and pick disease associated with

A

cortical

40
Q

what classification of dementia is Parkinson’s and huntington disease associated with

A

subcortical

41
Q

what classification of dementia is infectious and creutzfedt-jakob disease associated with

A

cortical and subcortical

42
Q 
type of dysphasia where patient cant find words, writing impaired
Frontal lobe(broca) and MCA are involved
A

expressive

43
Q 
type of dysphasia where patient uses inappropriate words, comprehension and writing is impaired 
Temporal lobe(wernicke) and left MCA are involved
A

Receptive

44
Q

type of dysphasia where patient produces little speech, comprehension and writing is impaired
Frontotemporal lobe and left MCA and left ICA are involved

A

global

45
Q

type of dysphasia where patient knows what they wan tho say but can’t find words
Temporal lobe and degenerative disorders are involved

A

Anomic

46
Q

type of agnosia where there is an inability to recognize objects by touch
Parietal lobe

A

tactile

47
Q

type of agnosia where there is topographic and geographic disorientation
Parietal lobe

A

spatial

48
Q

type of agnosia where there is an inability to write

Parietal lobe

A

agraphia

49
Q

type of agnosia where there is an inability to recognize objects or pictures
Tempero-occipital

A

object

50
Q

type of agnosia where there is an inability to recognize faces
tempero-occuoital

A

prosopagnosia

51
Q

type of agnosia where there is an ignorance/denial of disease
right parietal lobe

A

anosognosia

52
Q

is the leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults

A

Alzheimer disease

53
Q

caused by mass, edema, excess CSF, hemorrhage

A

increased ICP

54
Q

increased ICP stage where there is vasoconstriction and external compression on veins
Compensation by increased reabsorption which leads to external compression of intracranial veins

A

stage 1

55
Q

increased ICP stage where there is continued expansion of intracranial contents
Mild manifestations: confusion, drowsiness, increased BP, slight pupillary and respiratory changes
Not able to compensate

A

stage 2

56
Q

increased ICP stage where there is brain hypoxia and hypercapnia
Auto regulation fails
See most of the manifestations: decreased LOC, dilated and fixed pupils, wide pulse pressure, bradycardia,

A

stage 3

57
Q

increased ICP stage where the brain herniates and blood flow to the brain stops

A

stage 4

58
Q

change in intracranial blood vessel diameter to maintain constant blood flow

A

autoregulation

59
Q

Two types of supratentorial herniation

A

Transtentorial

Uncal

60
Q

Uncus or hippocampal gyrus shifts from middle fossa through tenurial notch into posterior fossa
Compresses CN III which impairs parasympathetic function
Decreased LOC, ipsilateral then contralateral pupillary function and dilation, Cheyne-Stokes the CNH, decorticate and then decerebrate

A

Uncal herniation

61
Q

Downward shift of diencephalon

Rapid decrease of LOC, Cheyne-Stokes the apnea, small then fixed and dilated pupils, decorticate then decerebrate

A

Transtentorial herniation

62
Q

shift of cerebella tonsils

Arched, stiff neck, parathesias, decreased LOC, respiratory arrest, HR and BP changes

A

infratentorial herniation

63
Q

increased fluid in the brian tissue

A

cerebral edema

64
Q

effects of cerebral edema

A

Distorts blood vessels
Displaces brain tissue which leads to herniation
Focal neuro deficits, decreased LOC and increased ICP

65
Q

edema caused by increased capillary permeability which impaired the BBB and leads to increase ICP and ischemia

A

vasogenic edema

66
Q

edema caused by toxins that causes the active transport system to fail and leads to cell (parenchymal) swell

A

cytotoxic edema

67
Q

edema caused when CSF moves from ventricle to tissue

A

interstitial edema

68
Q

Examples of lower motor neuron and upper motor neuron syndromes

A

amytrophies

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS

69
Q

examples of pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathology

A

Parkinson’s disease

70
Q

example soy spinal cord injury

A

trauma
spinal shock
neurogenic shock
autonomic shock

Patho (19 decks)

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