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Test 3 Neuro part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the diencephalon

A

Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Thalamus

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2
Q

is mediated by the reticular activating system, which regulates aspects of attention and information processing and maintains consciousness

A

Arousal

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3
Q

encompasses all cognitive function and is mediated by attentional systems, memory systems, language systems, and executive systems

A

Awareness

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4
Q

Structural alterations in arousal locations

A 
Supratentorial 
Infratentorial
Subdural 
Extracerebral
intracerebral
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5
Q

Metabolic alteration in arousal are caused by

A

energy substrates

neuronal excitability

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6
Q

breathing pattern that is describes as hyperventilation which leads to apnea
Responds only to PaCO2

A

posthyperventilation apnea PHVA

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7
Q

breathing pattern that is described as crescendo/hyperpnea followed decrescendo/apnea

A

cheyne-stokes

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8
Q

breathing patterns that indicate damage in the cerebral cortex not brain stem

A

PHVA

Cheyne-stokes

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9
Q

breathing pattern that is described as hyperpnea

A

central neurogenic hyperventilation

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10
Q

breathing pattern that is described as prolonged inspiratory “cramp”

A

apneusis

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11
Q

breathing pattern that is described as irregular pauses between breaths

A

cluster breathing

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12
Q

breathing pattern that is described as completely irregular

A

ataxic breathing

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13
Q

breathing pattern that is described as deep, slow breaths/gasps

A

agonal gasping

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14
Q

what type of breathing is seen when mid brain is effected

A

central neurogenic hyperventilation

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15
Q

what type of breathing is seen when the lower pons and medulla are effected

A

cluster breathing

Ataxic breathing

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16
Q

what type of breathing is seen when the brain stem is effected

A

agonal gasping

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17
Q

pupil reaction to metabolic imbalance or deep bilateral hemisphere lesion such as hydrocephalus or thalamic hemorrhage

A

small
reactive
and regular

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18
Q

pupil reaction to diencephalic dysfunction

A

small

reactive

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19
Q

pupil reaction to dysfunction of third cranial nerve

A

Sluggish
Dilated
Fixed

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20
Q

pupil reaction to midbrain dysfunction

A

mid position

fixed

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21
Q

pupil reaction to pontine dysfunction

A

pinpoint

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22
Q

pupil reaction to dysfunction of tectum(roof) of the midbrain

A

large
Fixed
Hippus

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23
Q

eyes turn together to side opposite from turn of head

A

normal oculocephalic (dolls eyes) test

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24
Q

eye turn in a disconjugate movement as head is moved

A

abnormal oculocephalic test

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25
eyes do not turn as head position changes
absent oculocephalic test
26
What is disrupted during the oculovestibular (caloric test)
endolymphatic flow
27
decorticate posture is demonstrated when what part of the brain is damaged
the cortex
28
decerebrate posture is demonstrated when what part of the brain is damaged
midbrain and upper pons
29
sudden, transient alteration of brain function caused by abrupt explosive, disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons
seizures
30
abnormal nerve connections neurotransmitter imbalance recurrent
epilepsy
31
what part of the brain is damaged when their is UE extension and LE flexion
pons
32
what part of the brain is damaged when the body is flaccid
lower pons | upper medula
33
attention, thought, and action deficit | RAS disruption
acute confusion
34
clinical manifestations of acute confusion
``` Confusion restlessness focus problems delusions hallucinations perseveration ```
35
Acute brain disfunction Develops over 2-3 days can be caused from ICU, post-op, or drug withdrawal Abrupt onset
delirium
36
Progressive failure of cerebral functions not caused by impaired LOC
Dementia
37
Causes of dementia
Inflammation or biochemical alterations that lead to neurodgeneration Cerebral atrophy Multifocal infarcts trauma
38
what classification of dementia is vascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative dementia associated with
Etiology
39
what classification of dementia is Alzheimer's and pick disease associated with
cortical
40
what classification of dementia is Parkinson's and huntington disease associated with
subcortical
41
what classification of dementia is infectious and creutzfedt-jakob disease associated with
cortical and subcortical
42
``` type of dysphasia where patient cant find words, writing impaired Frontal lobe(broca) and MCA are involved ```
expressive
43
``` type of dysphasia where patient uses inappropriate words, comprehension and writing is impaired Temporal lobe(wernicke) and left MCA are involved ```
Receptive
44
type of dysphasia where patient produces little speech, comprehension and writing is impaired Frontotemporal lobe and left MCA and left ICA are involved
global
45
type of dysphasia where patient knows what they wan tho say but can't find words Temporal lobe and degenerative disorders are involved
Anomic
46
type of agnosia where there is an inability to recognize objects by touch Parietal lobe
tactile
47
type of agnosia where there is topographic and geographic disorientation Parietal lobe
spatial
48
type of agnosia where there is an inability to write | Parietal lobe
agraphia
49
type of agnosia where there is an inability to recognize objects or pictures Tempero-occipital
object
50
type of agnosia where there is an inability to recognize faces tempero-occuoital
prosopagnosia
51
type of agnosia where there is an ignorance/denial of disease right parietal lobe
anosognosia
52
is the leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
Alzheimer disease
53
caused by mass, edema, excess CSF, hemorrhage
increased ICP
54
increased ICP stage where there is vasoconstriction and external compression on veins Compensation by increased reabsorption which leads to external compression of intracranial veins
stage 1
55
increased ICP stage where there is continued expansion of intracranial contents Mild manifestations: confusion, drowsiness, increased BP, slight pupillary and respiratory changes Not able to compensate
stage 2
56
increased ICP stage where there is brain hypoxia and hypercapnia Auto regulation fails See most of the manifestations: decreased LOC, dilated and fixed pupils, wide pulse pressure, bradycardia,
stage 3
57
increased ICP stage where the brain herniates and blood flow to the brain stops
stage 4
58
change in intracranial blood vessel diameter to maintain constant blood flow
autoregulation
59
Two types of supratentorial herniation
Transtentorial | Uncal
60
Uncus or hippocampal gyrus shifts from middle fossa through tenurial notch into posterior fossa Compresses CN III which impairs parasympathetic function Decreased LOC, ipsilateral then contralateral pupillary function and dilation, Cheyne-Stokes the CNH, decorticate and then decerebrate
Uncal herniation
61
Downward shift of diencephalon | Rapid decrease of LOC, Cheyne-Stokes the apnea, small then fixed and dilated pupils, decorticate then decerebrate
Transtentorial herniation
62
shift of cerebella tonsils | Arched, stiff neck, parathesias, decreased LOC, respiratory arrest, HR and BP changes
infratentorial herniation
63
increased fluid in the brian tissue
cerebral edema
64
effects of cerebral edema
Distorts blood vessels Displaces brain tissue which leads to herniation Focal neuro deficits, decreased LOC and increased ICP
65
edema caused by increased capillary permeability which impaired the BBB and leads to increase ICP and ischemia
vasogenic edema
66
edema caused by toxins that causes the active transport system to fail and leads to cell (parenchymal) swell
cytotoxic edema
67
edema caused when CSF moves from ventricle to tissue
interstitial edema
68
Examples of lower motor neuron and upper motor neuron syndromes
amytrophies | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS
69
examples of pyramidal and extrapyramidal pathology
Parkinson's disease
70
example soy spinal cord injury
trauma spinal shock neurogenic shock autonomic shock

Patho (19 decks)

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