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Patho > Test 2 cancer ch 12-13 > Flashcards

Test 2 cancer ch 12-13 Flashcards

1
Q 
Grow slowly 
Well defined capsule
not invasive
well differentiated
low mitotic index
do not metastasize
A

Benign

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2
Q 
Grow rapidly
No capsule
invasive
poorly differentiated
high mitotic index
metastasis
A

Malignant

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3
Q

named accordion got the tissues from which they arise and include the suffix -oma

A

benign

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4
Q

lipoma

A

fat tissue

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5
Q

giloma

A

brain and spine tissue

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6
Q

leiomyoma

A

uterine tissue

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7
Q

chondroma

A

cartilage tissue

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8
Q

named according to the tissue from which they arise

A

malignant

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9
Q

malignant epithelial tumors are referred to as

A

carcinomas

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10
Q

malignant connective tissue tumors are referred to as

A

sarcomas

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11
Q

cancers of lymphatic tissue are

A

lymphomas

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12
Q

cancers of blood forming cells are

A

leukemias

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13
Q

pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or epithelial origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invade the surrounding stroma

A

carcinoma in situ

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14
Q

can stack on top of each other

A

anchorage independent

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15
Q

do not respond to suppressing genes

A

autonomy

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16
Q

ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types

A

multipotent

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17
Q

loss of cellular differentiation

A

anaplasia

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18
Q

are substances produced by cancer cells or that are found on plasma cell membranes, in the blood, or CFS, or urine

A

tumor markers

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19
Q

examples of tumor markers

A 
homones
enzymes
genes
antigens 
antibodies
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20
Q

secrete a protein known as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) into the blood

A

liver an germ cell tumors

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21
Q

secrete prostate-specific antigen (PSA) into the blood

A

prostate tumors

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22
Q

if a tumor marker itself has biologic activity, then it can cause symptoms

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

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23
Q

due to a mutation, a cell acquires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantages over its neighbors

A

clonal proliferation or expansion

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24
Q

mutation where cancer cells can secrete their own growth factors

A

autocrine stimulation

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25
Q

ras stimulates what

A

cell growth

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26
Q

protein kinase

A

drives the cell cycle

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27
Q

causes cell to undergo apoptosis

A

p53 gene

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28
Q

growth on new vessels

A

angiogenesis

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29
Q

advanced centers can secrete angiogenic factors such as

A

vascular endothelial growth factor

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30
Q

are protective caps on each chromosome, held in place by telomerase, and are important for cellular replication signaling

A

telomeres

31
Q

helps preserve the telomer

A

temomerase

32
Q

mutant genes that in their non mutant stat direct protein synthesis and cellular growth

A

ongogenes

33
Q

encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation

A

tumor-supressor genes

34
Q

a normal non mutant gene that codes for cellular growth

A

proto oncogene

35
Q

changes in one or a few nucleotide base pairs

Ex. mutation in epithelial growth factor

A

point mutation

36
Q

a piece on one chromosome is transferred to another

A

chromosome translocation

37
Q

duplication of a small piece of chromosome over and over

Resulting in an increased expression of an oncogene

A

gene amplification

38
Q

Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off while the same region in other cells remain active

A

gene silencing

39
Q

promote tumor survival

A

tumor associated macrophages

40
Q

which HPVs cause cervical cancer

A

16 and 18

41
Q

which HPVs cause genital warts

A

6 and 11

42
Q

degree to which development is contingent on its environment

A

developmental plasticity

43
Q

direct invasion of contiguous organs

A

local spread

44
Q

phases of tumor spread

A

transformation
growth
local invasion
distant metastasis

45
Q

inside blood stream

A

intravasation

46
Q

outside blood stream

A

extravasation

47
Q

spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site

A

metastasis

48
Q

preferential growth of cancerous cells in certain organs

A

organ tropism

49
Q

causes headaches
seizures
vertigo

A

brain cancer metastasis

50
Q

causes cough
hemoptysis
dyspnea

A

respiratory cancer metastasis

51
Q

causes lymphadenopathy

A

lymph node cancer metastasis

52
Q

causes hepatomegaly

jaundice

A

liver cancer metastasis

53
Q

causes pain
fractures
spinal cord compression

A

skeletal cancer metastasis

54
Q

stage where cancer is confined to its organ of origin

A

stage 1

55
Q

stage where cancer is locally invasive

A

stage 2

56
Q

stage where cancer is in regional structures

A

stage 3

57
Q

stage in which cancer is found in distant sites

A

stage 4

58
Q

What does T stand for

A

primary tumor

59
Q

what does N stand for

A

regional lymph nodes

60
Q

what does M stand for

A

metastasis

61
Q

a rapid increase in the number of immature white cells

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

62
Q

a rapid increase and the number if abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow that interfere with the production of normal blood cells

A

acute myeloid leukemia

63
Q

excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

64
Q

the increase and under regulation growth of predominantly myeloid cells in the bone macros and the accumulation of the cells in the blood
Philadelphia chromosome

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

65
Q

what age does AML occur in

A

both children and adults

66
Q

what age does ALL occur in

A

most common in children but also effects adults

67
Q

what age does CML occur in

A

mainly affects adults

68
Q

what age does CLL occur in

A

most often in people over 55

69
Q

symptom complexes that cannot be explained by the local or distant spread of the tumor or by the effects of hormones released by the tissue from which the tumor arose

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

70
Q

chemotherapy that shrinks/eradicated tumor

A

induction

71
Q

chemotherapy that climate micrometastsis after surgery

A

adjuvant

72
Q

chemotherapy that shrinks tumor before surgery or radiation to spare more normal tissue

A

neoadjuvant

73
Q

is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing the damage to normal structures

A

radiation therapy

74
Q

side effects of cancer treatment

A

GI tract
bone marrow
hair and skin
reproductive tract

Patho (19 decks)

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