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Patho > Test 2 cancer ch 12-13 > Flashcards

Test 2 cancer ch 12-13 Flashcards

1
Q 
Grow slowly 
Well defined capsule
not invasive
well differentiated
low mitotic index
do not metastasize
A

Benign

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2
Q 
Grow rapidly
No capsule
invasive
poorly differentiated
high mitotic index
metastasis
A

Malignant

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3
Q

named accordion got the tissues from which they arise and include the suffix -oma

A

benign

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4
Q

lipoma

A

fat tissue

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5
Q

giloma

A

brain and spine tissue

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6
Q

leiomyoma

A

uterine tissue

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7
Q

chondroma

A

cartilage tissue

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8
Q

named according to the tissue from which they arise

A

malignant

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9
Q

malignant epithelial tumors are referred to as

A

carcinomas

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10
Q

malignant connective tissue tumors are referred to as

A

sarcomas

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11
Q

cancers of lymphatic tissue are

A

lymphomas

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12
Q

cancers of blood forming cells are

A

leukemias

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13
Q

pre-invasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or epithelial origin that have not broken through the basement membrane or invade the surrounding stroma

A

carcinoma in situ

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14
Q

can stack on top of each other

A

anchorage independent

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15
Q

do not respond to suppressing genes

A

autonomy

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16
Q

ability to differentiate into multiple different cell types

A

multipotent

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17
Q

loss of cellular differentiation

A

anaplasia

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18
Q

are substances produced by cancer cells or that are found on plasma cell membranes, in the blood, or CFS, or urine

A

tumor markers

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19
Q

examples of tumor markers

A 
homones
enzymes
genes
antigens 
antibodies
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20
Q

secrete a protein known as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) into the blood

A

liver an germ cell tumors

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21
Q

secrete prostate-specific antigen (PSA) into the blood

A

prostate tumors

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22
Q

if a tumor marker itself has biologic activity, then it can cause symptoms

A

paraneoplastic syndrome

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23
Q

due to a mutation, a cell acquires characteristics that allow it to have selective advantages over its neighbors

A

clonal proliferation or expansion

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24
Q

mutation where cancer cells can secrete their own growth factors

A

autocrine stimulation

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25
ras stimulates what
cell growth
26
protein kinase
drives the cell cycle
27
causes cell to undergo apoptosis
p53 gene
28
growth on new vessels
angiogenesis
29
advanced centers can secrete angiogenic factors such as
vascular endothelial growth factor
30
are protective caps on each chromosome, held in place by telomerase, and are important for cellular replication signaling
telomeres
31
helps preserve the telomer
temomerase
32
mutant genes that in their non mutant stat direct protein synthesis and cellular growth
ongogenes
33
encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate proliferation
tumor-supressor genes
34
a normal non mutant gene that codes for cellular growth
proto oncogene
35
changes in one or a few nucleotide base pairs | Ex. mutation in epithelial growth factor
point mutation
36
a piece on one chromosome is transferred to another
chromosome translocation
37
duplication of a small piece of chromosome over and over | Resulting in an increased expression of an oncogene
gene amplification
38
Whole regions of chromosomes are shut off while the same region in other cells remain active
gene silencing
39
promote tumor survival
tumor associated macrophages
40
which HPVs cause cervical cancer
16 and 18
41
which HPVs cause genital warts
6 and 11
42
degree to which development is contingent on its environment
developmental plasticity
43
direct invasion of contiguous organs
local spread
44
phases of tumor spread
transformation growth local invasion distant metastasis
45
inside blood stream
intravasation
46
outside blood stream
extravasation
47
spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site
metastasis
48
preferential growth of cancerous cells in certain organs
organ tropism
49
causes headaches seizures vertigo
brain cancer metastasis
50
causes cough hemoptysis dyspnea
respiratory cancer metastasis
51
causes lymphadenopathy
lymph node cancer metastasis
52
causes hepatomegaly | jaundice
liver cancer metastasis
53
causes pain fractures spinal cord compression
skeletal cancer metastasis
54
stage where cancer is confined to its organ of origin
stage 1
55
stage where cancer is locally invasive
stage 2
56
stage where cancer is in regional structures
stage 3
57
stage in which cancer is found in distant sites
stage 4
58
What does T stand for
primary tumor
59
what does N stand for
regional lymph nodes
60
what does M stand for
metastasis
61
a rapid increase in the number of immature white cells
acute lymphoblastic leukemia
62
a rapid increase and the number if abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow that interfere with the production of normal blood cells
acute myeloid leukemia
63
excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
64
the increase and under regulation growth of predominantly myeloid cells in the bone macros and the accumulation of the cells in the blood Philadelphia chromosome
chronic myeloid leukemia
65
what age does AML occur in
both children and adults
66
what age does ALL occur in
most common in children but also effects adults
67
what age does CML occur in
mainly affects adults
68
what age does CLL occur in
most often in people over 55
69
symptom complexes that cannot be explained by the local or distant spread of the tumor or by the effects of hormones released by the tissue from which the tumor arose
paraneoplastic syndrome
70
chemotherapy that shrinks/eradicated tumor
induction
71
chemotherapy that climate micrometastsis after surgery
adjuvant
72
chemotherapy that shrinks tumor before surgery or radiation to spare more normal tissue
neoadjuvant
73
is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing the damage to normal structures
radiation therapy
74
side effects of cancer treatment
GI tract bone marrow hair and skin reproductive tract

Patho (19 decks)

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