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Patho > Test 2 pulmonary > Flashcards

Test 2 pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

where is a tracheotomy performed

A

between the 2nd and 3rd or

3rd and 4th ring

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2
Q

emergency airway

A

cricoidotomy

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3
Q

where is a caricoidotomy preformed

A

between thyroid and cricoid cartilages

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4
Q

traumatic or prolonged intubation or bronchoscope can lead to what

A

laryngospasm and or laryngeal edema

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5
Q

the ETT cuff can cause what

A

erosion and ulceration of the tracheal mucosa

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6
Q

if something is aspirated it is more likely to go down what side of the carina

A

the right side

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7
Q

muscles used for inspiratory breathing

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

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8
Q

inspiratory accessory muscles used for breathing

A

sternocleidomastoid and scalene

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9
Q

expiratory accessory muscles used for breathing

A

abdominal and internal intercostals

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10
Q

tendency of lungs to return to resting state

A

elastic recoil

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11
Q

distensibility of lung and chest wall

A

compliance

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12
Q

diseases that have decreased compliance

A 
atelectasis
pneumonia
ARDS
fibrosis
pulmonary edema
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13
Q

disease that have increased compliance

A

Emphysema

pulmonary emboli

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14
Q

o2 and energy requirement for ventilation

A

Work of breathing

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15
Q

change in pressure by rate of flow

A

airway resistance

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16
Q

increased WOB can lead to what

A

respiratory muscle fatigue

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17
Q

ventilation that reaches alveoli adequate for metabolic demands

A

alveolar ventilation

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18
Q

defined by high PaCO2

hypercapnia

A

hypoventilation

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19
Q

defined by low PaCO2

hypocapnia

A

hyperventilation

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20
Q

a decrease in Va causes PaCO2 to

A

increase

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21
Q

a increase in Va cause PaCO2 to

A

decrease

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22
Q

side effects of increased PaCO2

A

altered mentation/level of consciousness

secondary hypoxemia

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23
Q

side effects of decreased PaCO2

A

lightheadedness

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24
Q

when hemoglobin molecules bind with oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin is formed

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25
Q

oxyhemoglobin is formed in the lungs and is called

A

oxyhemoglobin association

hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

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26
Q

the process in which oxygen released from hemoglobin, occurs in the body tissue at the cellular level and is called

A

hemoglobin desaturation

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27
Q

hemoglobins decreased affinity for oxgen or an increase in the ease which which oxyhemoglobin dissociates and oxygen moves into the cells

A

right shift

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28
Q

hemoglobins increased affinity for oxygen which promotes association in the lungs and inhibits dissociation in the tissues

A

left shift

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29
Q

which shift is related to acute alkalosis (increased pH)

A

left shift

increased affinity

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30
Q

which shift is related to acute acidosis (decreased pH)

A

right shift

decrease affinity

31
Q

what type of V/Q is there when there is impaired ventilation

A

low V/Q

32
Q

what type of V/Q is there when there is blocked ventilation

A

shunt or very low V/Q

33
Q

what type of V/Q is there when there is impaired perfusion

A

high V/Q

34
Q

what causes vasoconstriction in the lungs

A

decreased PAO2
decreased PvO2
decreased pH
inflammatory mediators

35
Q

vasoconstriction in the lungs can lead to what

A

pulmonary artery hypertension

36
Q

is occlusion or partial occlusion of the pulmonary artery or its branches by an embolus

A

pulmonary embolism

37
Q

risk factors for pulmonary embolism also know as virchows triad

A

venous stasis
venous (endothelial) injury
hypercoagulability

38
Q

disorders associated with low V/Q

A

asthma

chronic bronchitis

39
Q

disorders associated with very low (shunt) V/Q

A

ARDS
Pneumonia
atelectasis

40
Q

disorders associated with high V/Q

A

pulmonary emboli

41
Q

tendency for liquid molecules to adhere when exposed to air

A

surface tension

42
Q

decreases surface tension

A

surfactant

43
Q

when we have a problem with our heart function with low contractibility and high hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vessels
Pushes blood into interstitial space

A

cardiogenic pulmonary edema

44
Q

destruction of the capillary membrane by the inflammatory response process creating separation of junction gaps in the endothelium
Increase capillary permeability, fluid leaks out to interstitial space

A

noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

45
Q

ABGs of pulmonary edema

A

Hypoxemia
hypercapina
respiratory then mixed acidosis

46
Q

collapse of lung tissue

A

atelectasis

47
Q

types of atelectasis

A

compression
absorption
obstruction
impaired surfactant

48
Q

complications of ARDS

A

atelectasis

non cardiogenic pulmonary edema

49
Q

is caused by the external pressure exerted on lung tissue, such as occurs with tumors, or by fluid or air in the pleural space

A

compression atelectasis

50
Q

clinical manifestations of atelectasis

A

dyspnea
cough
fever
leukocytosis

51
Q

ABG of atelectasis

A

hypoxemia

52
Q

guardian cell of lower respiratory tract; toll-like receptors recognize pathogens and activate innate and adaptive immune response

A

alveolar macrophages

53
Q

is an infection of the lower respiratory tract influenced by a causative organism

A

pneumonia

54
Q

what kind of cough is associated with bacterial pneumonia

A

productive

55
Q

what kind of cough is associated with viral pneumonia

A

non productive

56
Q

fluid in pleural space

Sources can be blood vessels, lymphatics, or draining abscess

A

pleural effusion

57
Q

disorders that cause fluid to diffuse out of the capillaries with increased hydrostatic pressure

A

cardio pulmonary edema

Congestive heart failure

58
Q

disorders that cause fluid to diffuse out of the capillaries with decreased onto tic pressure

A

non-cardiac pulmonary edema

ARDS

59
Q

pleural effusion with the presence of lymph and emulsified fats

A

chylothorax

60
Q

pleural effusion with the presence of pus

A

empyema

61
Q

pleural effusion with the presence of blood

A

hemothorax

62
Q

pleural effusion with the presence of water

A

hydrothorax

63
Q

air in the pleural space where it is not suppose to be

A

pneumothorax

64
Q

Rx for pneumothorax

A

chest tube

65
Q

ABG of tension pneumothorax

A

Hypoxemia

Respiratory followed by mixed acidosis

66
Q

is ac chronic inflammatory disorder if the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial hyper responsiveness, constriction of the airways , and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible

A

asthma

67
Q

early asthmatic response is caused by

A

mast cell activation
release of histamine and interlukins
immediate bronchoconstriction

68
Q

late asthmatic response is caused by

A

leukotrienes and eosinophils

69
Q

is hyper secretion of mucus and chronic productive cough

A

chronic bronchitis

70
Q

is abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis

A

emphysema

71
Q

blue bloater

A

chronic bronchitis

72
Q

pink puffer

A

emphysema

73
Q

is secondary to pulmonary artery hypertension and consists of right ventricular enlargement

A

cor pulmonale

Patho (19 decks)

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