Test 2 pulmonary Flashcards by Jackie O'Donnell

where is a tracheotomy performed

between the 2nd and 3rd or

3rd and 4th ring

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

emergency airway

cricoidotomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

where is a caricoidotomy preformed

between thyroid and cricoid cartilages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

traumatic or prolonged intubation or bronchoscope can lead to what

laryngospasm and or laryngeal edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the ETT cuff can cause what

erosion and ulceration of the tracheal mucosa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

if something is aspirated it is more likely to go down what side of the carina

the right side

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

muscles used for inspiratory breathing

diaphragm and external intercostals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inspiratory accessory muscles used for breathing

sternocleidomastoid and scalene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

expiratory accessory muscles used for breathing

abdominal and internal intercostals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

tendency of lungs to return to resting state

elastic recoil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

distensibility of lung and chest wall

compliance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

diseases that have decreased compliance

atelectasis
pneumonia
ARDS
fibrosis
pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

disease that have increased compliance

Emphysema

pulmonary emboli

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

o2 and energy requirement for ventilation

Work of breathing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

change in pressure by rate of flow

airway resistance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

increased WOB can lead to what

respiratory muscle fatigue

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ventilation that reaches alveoli adequate for metabolic demands

alveolar ventilation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defined by high PaCO2

hypercapnia

hypoventilation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defined by low PaCO2

hypocapnia

hyperventilation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a decrease in Va causes PaCO2 to

increase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a increase in Va cause PaCO2 to

decrease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

side effects of increased PaCO2

altered mentation/level of consciousness

secondary hypoxemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

side effects of decreased PaCO2

lightheadedness

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when hemoglobin molecules bind with oxygen

oxyhemoglobin is formed

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

oxyhemoglobin is formed in the lungs and is called

oxyhemoglobin association | hemoglobin saturation with oxygen

the process in which oxygen released from hemoglobin, occurs in the body tissue at the cellular level and is called

hemoglobin desaturation

hemoglobins decreased affinity for oxgen or an increase in the ease which which oxyhemoglobin dissociates and oxygen moves into the cells

right shift

hemoglobins increased affinity for oxygen which promotes association in the lungs and inhibits dissociation in the tissues

left shift

which shift is related to acute alkalosis (increased pH)

left shift | increased affinity

which shift is related to acute acidosis (decreased pH)

right shift | decrease affinity

what type of V/Q is there when there is impaired ventilation

low V/Q

what type of V/Q is there when there is blocked ventilation

shunt or very low V/Q

what type of V/Q is there when there is impaired perfusion

high V/Q

what causes vasoconstriction in the lungs

decreased PAO2 decreased PvO2 decreased pH inflammatory mediators

vasoconstriction in the lungs can lead to what

pulmonary artery hypertension

is occlusion or partial occlusion of the pulmonary artery or its branches by an embolus

pulmonary embolism

risk factors for pulmonary embolism also know as virchows triad

venous stasis venous (endothelial) injury hypercoagulability

disorders associated with low V/Q

asthma | chronic bronchitis

disorders associated with very low (shunt) V/Q

ARDS Pneumonia atelectasis

disorders associated with high V/Q

pulmonary emboli

tendency for liquid molecules to adhere when exposed to air

surface tension

decreases surface tension

surfactant

when we have a problem with our heart function with low contractibility and high hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vessels Pushes blood into interstitial space

cardiogenic pulmonary edema

destruction of the capillary membrane by the inflammatory response process creating separation of junction gaps in the endothelium Increase capillary permeability, fluid leaks out to interstitial space

noncardiogenic pulmonary edema

ABGs of pulmonary edema

Hypoxemia hypercapina respiratory then mixed acidosis

collapse of lung tissue

atelectasis

types of atelectasis

compression absorption obstruction impaired surfactant

complications of ARDS

atelectasis | non cardiogenic pulmonary edema

is caused by the external pressure exerted on lung tissue, such as occurs with tumors, or by fluid or air in the pleural space

compression atelectasis

clinical manifestations of atelectasis

dyspnea cough fever leukocytosis

ABG of atelectasis

hypoxemia

guardian cell of lower respiratory tract; toll-like receptors recognize pathogens and activate innate and adaptive immune response

alveolar macrophages

is an infection of the lower respiratory tract influenced by a causative organism

pneumonia

what kind of cough is associated with bacterial pneumonia

productive

what kind of cough is associated with viral pneumonia

non productive

fluid in pleural space | Sources can be blood vessels, lymphatics, or draining abscess

pleural effusion

disorders that cause fluid to diffuse out of the capillaries with increased hydrostatic pressure

cardio pulmonary edema | Congestive heart failure

disorders that cause fluid to diffuse out of the capillaries with decreased onto tic pressure

non-cardiac pulmonary edema | ARDS

pleural effusion with the presence of lymph and emulsified fats

chylothorax

pleural effusion with the presence of pus

empyema

pleural effusion with the presence of blood

hemothorax

pleural effusion with the presence of water

hydrothorax

air in the pleural space where it is not suppose to be

pneumothorax

Rx for pneumothorax

chest tube

ABG of tension pneumothorax

Hypoxemia | Respiratory followed by mixed acidosis

is ac chronic inflammatory disorder if the bronchial mucosa that causes bronchial hyper responsiveness, constriction of the airways , and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible

asthma

early asthmatic response is caused by

mast cell activation release of histamine and interlukins immediate bronchoconstriction

late asthmatic response is caused by

leukotrienes and eosinophils

is hyper secretion of mucus and chronic productive cough

chronic bronchitis

is abnormal permanent enlargement of gas-exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis

emphysema

blue bloater

chronic bronchitis

pink puffer

emphysema

is secondary to pulmonary artery hypertension and consists of right ventricular enlargement

cor pulmonale