Test 3: urinary Flashcards
what are the 9 functions of the urinary system
1) removes most metabolic wastes from the body (primary function)
2) regulate plasma Na, K, Cl, Ca, etc
3) regulating BV/BP via: volume of water loss, EPO, renin
4) regulating blood pH (with respiratory system)
5) conservation of nutrients (by preventing excretion via urination)
6) eliminating metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid, toxins, drugs)
7) calcitriol synthesis (vitamin D derivative that stimulates Ca absorption in intestinal tract)
8) detoxifying poisons (with the liver)
9) deaminating AA during starvation
what are the 6 organs of the urinary system?
- kidneys (R/L)
- ureters (R/L)
- urinary bladder
- urethra
what is urine?
- waste product excrete by kidneys
- water, ions, soluble compounds
in what quadrants and regions are the kidneys found
- upper right and left quadrant
- both in umbilical region (T12-L3)
- retroperitoneal
why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left?
to leave room for liver above
what are the 3 layers of CT that surround and protect the kidney?
1) fibrous capsule
- deepest layer, wraps right around kidneys
2) renal fascia
- right and left renal fascia join together in anterior aspect (and attaches to peritoneum)
- most superficial layer
3) perirenal fat capsule
- between the two layers
where is the hilum of the kidney?
-medial side of either kidney
how many renal pyramids does each kidney have
-between 6 and 18
what are the renal columns?
-come off of renal cortex and run between renal pyramids
what makes up the kidney lobes?
- renal pyramid
- renal cortex
- renal column
where specifically is urine produced?
-kidney lobes
look at kidney anatomical diagram
-lecture 21
what is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
what are the two types of nephrons? where is each located?
1) cortical nephron
- located more in cortex
- 85% of our nephrons
2) juxtamedullary nephrons
- beside medulla
what are the 2 components of a nephron?
1) renal corpuscle
- capillary network (glomerulus) and surrounding capsule
2) renal tubule
where does blood enter the glomerulus? (which pole?)
-vascular pole
what type of cell makes up the parietal glomerular capsule?
-simple squamous epithelium
what is the purpose of the juxtaglomerular complex?
-helps regulate blood pressure and aids in formation of filtrate
list the 5 layers of the renal filtration barrier
1) endothelial surface layer
2) endothelial cell layer
3) basement membrane
4) glomerular epithelium
5) subpodocyte space
renal filtration barrier: endothelial surface layer
- lining of glomerular capillaries where blood passes
- thick layer - CHO rich network; prevents large proteins from entering
renal filtration barrier: endothelial cell layer
- has fenestrated capillaries with pores
- prevents blood from passing, but lets smaller plasma proteins (AAs, glucose, ions)
renal filtration barrier: basement membrane
- prevents larger proteins; allows smaller
- regulates diameter of glomerular capillaries
renal filtration barrier: glomerular epithelium
- made up of podocytes - visceral capsular layer
- have long processes that create filtration slits
PCT histology
-simple cuboidal with microvilli
what is the role of the PCT?
-reabsorption of water, nutrients, ions (Na, Cl) and plasma proteins
nephron loop (loop of Henle) - histology
-simple squamous
what is the role of the descending loop of Henle
-water reabsorption
what is the role of the ascending loop of Henle
-Na/Cl ion reabsorption
what is the role of the DCT?
-secretion of ions, acids, and other; reabsorption of Na, Ca, and water
what hormone controls the collecting duct?
- ADH
- higher levels = more water reabsorption
list the structures (in order) where filtrate flows in the nephron)
- efferent arteriole
- filtration through glomerulus
- filtrate enters PCT
- descending loop of Henle
- ascending loop of Henle
- DCT
- collecting tubule
- collecting duct
- papillary duct
- urine storage and elimination
in which parts of the nephron does secretion occur?
- PCT
- DCT
- collecting duct
in which parts of the nephron does water reabsorption occur?
- PCT
- descending loop
- DCT
- collecting duct
in which parts of the nephron does solute reabsorption occur?
-PCT
-ascending loop
DCT
-collecting duct
which hormone affects the DCT?
aldosterone
- increases reabsorption of Na and loss of K (increases blood pressure)
what are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?
- PCT
- loop of Henle
- DCT
