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KIN 3320 > Chapter 3 - Tissue Types > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two components of a tissue?

A

cells and matrix

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2
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

-sheets of cells that cover every exposed body surface and line internal cavities and passageways that are avascular, organized in sheets that are highly regenerative

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3
Q

what are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

1) protection - through regeneration
2) controls permeability
- blood vessel = single layer of epithelial tissue
3) sensation (neuroepithelial - cells responsible for special senses)
4) specialized secretions - glandular epithelium

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4
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

-these are longer than microvilli and help move stuff

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5
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

-line passageways where we need more absorption (increase surface area)

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6
Q

which structures are affected in smokers lungs? Crohn’s disease?

A

smoker: cilia (hard to move stuff out of respiratory tract)

Crohn’s: microvilli (absorption)

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7
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified?

A

1) layering
- simple
- stratified
- pseudo-stratified
2) shape of cells
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar

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8
Q

squamous cell

A
  • flat cell, usually thin (e.g. epithelial lining of skin; cross-section of blood vessel)
  • lining of tongue; internal mouth
  • peritoneum of heart
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9
Q

where is the nucleus of a columnar cell?

A

usually at basement membrane

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10
Q

how do we classify the type of epithelial cell?

A

by the top (superficial) layer

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11
Q

cuboidal cell

A
  • cube-shaped
  • found in different ducts
  • nucleus in center of cell
  • e.g. stratified: sweat and mammary gland ducts
  • e.g. simple: glands, ducts, nephron tubules
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12
Q

columnar cell

A

-lines almost entire length of digestive tract (simple columnar) except for mouth and anus (stratified squamous)

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13
Q

give examples of simple columnar cell-type tissues

A

-stomach, intestinal tract, uterine tubes, excretory ducts

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14
Q

give examples of stratified columnar cell-type tissues

A

-pharynx, urethra, anus, excretory ducts

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15
Q

pseudo stratified cell

A
  • all cells im contact with basement membrane
  • usually picture of this type of cell looks messy
  • e.g. nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
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16
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • shape different depending on what state the organ is
  • empty bladder vs full
  • when full - cells stretch; look more squamous
  • when empty - cuboidal appearance
  • urinary tract is region where it’s most common
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17
Q

in what 3 ways of glandular epithelia classified?

A

1) types of secretions
2) structure of gland
3) method of secretion

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of glandular secretions?

A

1) exocrine

2) endocrine

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19
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • glands that secrete onto the body surface or into passageway connected to the exterior
  • e.g. sweat gland
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20
Q

_____ epithelium can be keratinized or nonkeratinized

A

stratified squamous

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21
Q

keratin - def

A

tough, fibrous protein component of nails, hair, calluses, and the general integumentary surface

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22
Q

keratinized - def

A

containing large quantities of keratin

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23
Q

_____ stratified squamous epithelium are tough and water resistant

A

keratinized

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24
Q

_____ stratified squamous epithelium resist abrasion but must be kept moist

A

nonkeratinized

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25
Q

what are the 3 types of exocrine glands, based on the secretions they produce?

A

1) serous glands
- secrete watery solution that usually contains enzymes, such as salivary amylase in saliva
2) mucous glands
- secrete glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form slippery mucus (e.g. saliva)
3) mixed exocrine gland
- more than one type of gland cell and may produce both serous and mucus secretions

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26
Q

endocrine gland

A

-gland that secretes hormones into the blood

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27
Q

what are the two types of glandular structures?

A

1) unicellular

2) multicellular

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28
Q

unicellular glands

A
  • the cell alone is the entire glandular tissue

- secrete mucins

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29
Q

what are the two types of unicellular exocrine glands?

A

1) mucous cells

2) goblet cells

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30
Q

multicellular exocrine gland

A

-when multiple cells combine together to make a gland

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31
Q

what are the 3 methods of glandular secretion?

A

1) eccrine
2) apocrine
3) holocrine

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32
Q

what is the most common mode of secretion?

A

eccrine (merocrine) secretion

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33
Q

what are the 3 basic components of CT?

A

1) cells
2) fibers
3) ground substance

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34
Q

what are the 3 types of CT?

A

1) CT proper
2) fluid CT
3) supporting CT

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35
Q

what are the main functions of CT?

A

1) establish structural framework for the body
2) transport fluids and dissolved materials from one region of body to another
3) protect delicate organs
4) support, surround, interconnect other tissue types
5) store energy, especially in lipids
6) defend body from invasion by microorganisms

36
Q

what are the two types of CT proper

A

1) loose

2) dense

37
Q

what are the 3 types of loose CT proper?

A

1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular

38
Q

what are the 3 types of dense CT proper?

A

1) dense irregular
2) dense regular
3) elastic

39
Q

what are the two types of fluid CT

A

1) blood

2) lymph

40
Q

what are the two types of supporting CT

A

1) cartilage

2) bone

41
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

1) hyaline
2) elastic
3) fibrous

42
Q

what are the two types of cells in CT proper? Provide examples of each

A

1) fixed cells (found in loose CT except for melanocytes)
- fibroblasts
- fibrocytes
- fixed macrophages
- adipocytes
- mesenchymal cells
- melanocytes
2) wandering cells (found in dense CT + melanocytes)
- free macrophages
- mast cells
- lymphocytes
- neutrophils and eosinophils

43
Q

function of fibroblasts

A

-produce CT fibers

44
Q

function of fibrocytes

A
  • “activated fibroblasts’

- maintain CT fibres and matrix

45
Q

function of fixed macrophages

A

-phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells

46
Q

function of adipocytes

A

-store lipid reserves

47
Q

function of mesenchymal cells

A

-CT stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types

48
Q

function of melanocytes

A

-synthesize melanin

49
Q

function of free macrophages

A

-mobile/traveling phagocytic cells (derived from monocytes in the blood)

50
Q

function of mast cells

A

-stimulate local inflammation by releasing histamine and/or heparin

51
Q

function of lymphocytes

A
  • participate in immune response

- some develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies

52
Q

function of neutrophils/eosinophils

A

-mobilize during infection or tissue injury

53
Q

what are the most abundant type of fixed cell

A

fibroblasts

54
Q

which 3 types of fibres make up CT proper?

A

1) collagen
2) reticular
3) elastic

55
Q

CT proper: collagen fibers

A

-strong, insoluble protein fibres; most common fibre in CT proper

56
Q

_____ connect skeletal muscles to bones

A

tendons

57
Q

_______ connect bone to bone, or cartilage to cartilage

A

ligaments

58
Q

what is the function of areolar tissue

A
  • cushions organs
  • provides support but permits independent movement
  • phagocytic cells provide defence against pathogens
59
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue

A
  • provides padding and cushions shocks
  • insulates
  • store energy
60
Q

what is the function of reticular tissue

A

-provides supporting framework

61
Q

what are the functions of dense regular CT

A
  • provides firm attachment
  • conducts pull of muscles
  • reduces friction between muscles
  • stabilizes relative positions of bones

-e.g. tendon

62
Q

what are the functions of elastic tissue

A
  • stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis
  • cushions shock
  • permits expansion and contraction of organs

-e.g. ligament

63
Q

what are the functions of dense irregular CT

A
  • provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions
  • helps prevent over-expansion of organs

-e.g. deep dermis

64
Q

name 3 differences between tendons and ligaments

A

1) tendons have relatively few fibrocytes
2) fibrocytes in tendons are located between bundles of collagen fibers, whereas in ligaments they’re among the bundles
3) in tendons, fibrocytes tend to be more elongated

65
Q

what are the 3 components of blood

A

1) RBC (45%)
2) WBC (very small %)
3) platelets

66
Q

what are cartilage cells called

A

chondrocytes

67
Q

chondrocytes live in small chambers known as ______

A

lacunae

68
Q

what separates cartilage from surrounding tissues?

A

perichondrium

69
Q

what’s the most common type of cartilage? where is it found?

A

hyaline
-found between connections between ribs and sternum; supporting cartilages along conducting passageways of respiratory tract; articular cartilages covering opposing bone surfaces in synovial joints

70
Q

what is the weakest type of cartilage?

A

hyaline

71
Q

what’s the purpose of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • provides stiff but somewhat flexible support

- reduces friction between bony surfaces

72
Q

what is the purpose of elastic cartilage?

A

-provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

73
Q

what is the purpose of fibrous cartilage?

A
  • resists compression
  • prevents bone-to-bone- contact
  • limits relative movement
74
Q

table 3.2: comparison of structural features of cartilage and bone

A

review

75
Q

osteocyte - def

A

bone cells responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone

76
Q

periosteum - def

A

layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous and inner cellular region

77
Q

sarcoplasm - def

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

78
Q

sarcolemma - def

A

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

79
Q

function of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • moves or stabilizes position of skeleton
  • guards entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
  • generates heat
  • protects internal organs
80
Q

function of cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • circulates blood

- maintains bp

81
Q

function of smooth muscle tissue

A
  • moves food, urine, reproductive tract secretions
  • controls diameter of respiratory passageways
  • regulates diameter of blood vessels
82
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • multiple nuclei, peripherally located
  • rounded, cylindrical cells, minimal size variation
  • striated
83
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • single nucleus, centrally located
  • short branched cells, moderate size variation
  • striated (intercalated discs)
84
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A
  • single nucleus, centrally located
  • short spindle shaped (in longitudinal cross section); considerable size variation
  • non-striated
85
Q

which two basic types of cells make up nervous tissue

A

1) neurons
- functional cell of NS
2) neuroglia
- support cell for neutrons and NS

KIN 3320 (19 decks)

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