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KIN 3320 > Chapter 3 - Tissue Types > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two components of a tissue?

A

cells and matrix

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2
Q

what is epithelial tissue?

A

-sheets of cells that cover every exposed body surface and line internal cavities and passageways that are avascular, organized in sheets that are highly regenerative

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3
Q

what are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

1) protection - through regeneration
2) controls permeability
- blood vessel = single layer of epithelial tissue
3) sensation (neuroepithelial - cells responsible for special senses)
4) specialized secretions - glandular epithelium

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4
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

-these are longer than microvilli and help move stuff

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5
Q

what is the function of microvilli?

A

-line passageways where we need more absorption (increase surface area)

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6
Q

which structures are affected in smokers lungs? Crohn’s disease?

A

smoker: cilia (hard to move stuff out of respiratory tract)

Crohn’s: microvilli (absorption)

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7
Q

how are epithelial tissues classified?

A

1) layering
- simple
- stratified
- pseudo-stratified
2) shape of cells
- squamous
- cuboidal
- columnar

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8
Q

squamous cell

A
  • flat cell, usually thin (e.g. epithelial lining of skin; cross-section of blood vessel)
  • lining of tongue; internal mouth
  • peritoneum of heart
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9
Q

where is the nucleus of a columnar cell?

A

usually at basement membrane

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10
Q

how do we classify the type of epithelial cell?

A

by the top (superficial) layer

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11
Q

cuboidal cell

A
  • cube-shaped
  • found in different ducts
  • nucleus in center of cell
  • e.g. stratified: sweat and mammary gland ducts
  • e.g. simple: glands, ducts, nephron tubules
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12
Q

columnar cell

A

-lines almost entire length of digestive tract (simple columnar) except for mouth and anus (stratified squamous)

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13
Q

give examples of simple columnar cell-type tissues

A

-stomach, intestinal tract, uterine tubes, excretory ducts

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14
Q

give examples of stratified columnar cell-type tissues

A

-pharynx, urethra, anus, excretory ducts

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15
Q

pseudo stratified cell

A
  • all cells im contact with basement membrane
  • usually picture of this type of cell looks messy
  • e.g. nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
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16
Q

transitional epithelium

A
  • shape different depending on what state the organ is
  • empty bladder vs full
  • when full - cells stretch; look more squamous
  • when empty - cuboidal appearance
  • urinary tract is region where it’s most common
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17
Q

in what 3 ways of glandular epithelia classified?

A

1) types of secretions
2) structure of gland
3) method of secretion

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of glandular secretions?

A

1) exocrine

2) endocrine

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19
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • glands that secrete onto the body surface or into passageway connected to the exterior
  • e.g. sweat gland
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20
Q

_____ epithelium can be keratinized or nonkeratinized

A

stratified squamous

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21
Q

keratin - def

A

tough, fibrous protein component of nails, hair, calluses, and the general integumentary surface

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22
Q

keratinized - def

A

containing large quantities of keratin

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23
Q

_____ stratified squamous epithelium are tough and water resistant

A

keratinized

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24
Q

_____ stratified squamous epithelium resist abrasion but must be kept moist

A

nonkeratinized

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25
what are the 3 types of exocrine glands, based on the secretions they produce?
1) serous glands - secrete watery solution that usually contains enzymes, such as salivary amylase in saliva 2) mucous glands - secrete glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form slippery mucus (e.g. saliva) 3) mixed exocrine gland - more than one type of gland cell and may produce both serous and mucus secretions
26
endocrine gland
-gland that secretes hormones into the blood
27
what are the two types of glandular structures?
1) unicellular | 2) multicellular
28
unicellular glands
- the cell alone is the entire glandular tissue | - secrete mucins
29
what are the two types of unicellular exocrine glands?
1) mucous cells | 2) goblet cells
30
multicellular exocrine gland
-when multiple cells combine together to make a gland
31
what are the 3 methods of glandular secretion?
1) eccrine 2) apocrine 3) holocrine
32
what is the most common mode of secretion?
eccrine (merocrine) secretion
33
what are the 3 basic components of CT?
1) cells 2) fibers 3) ground substance
34
what are the 3 types of CT?
1) CT proper 2) fluid CT 3) supporting CT
35
what are the main functions of CT?
1) establish structural framework for the body 2) transport fluids and dissolved materials from one region of body to another 3) protect delicate organs 4) support, surround, interconnect other tissue types 5) store energy, especially in lipids 6) defend body from invasion by microorganisms
36
what are the two types of CT proper
1) loose | 2) dense
37
what are the 3 types of loose CT proper?
1) areolar 2) adipose 3) reticular
38
what are the 3 types of dense CT proper?
1) dense irregular 2) dense regular 3) elastic
39
what are the two types of fluid CT
1) blood | 2) lymph
40
what are the two types of supporting CT
1) cartilage | 2) bone
41
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
1) hyaline 2) elastic 3) fibrous
42
what are the two types of cells in CT proper? Provide examples of each
1) fixed cells (found in loose CT except for melanocytes) - fibroblasts - fibrocytes - fixed macrophages - adipocytes - mesenchymal cells - melanocytes 2) wandering cells (found in dense CT + melanocytes) - free macrophages - mast cells - lymphocytes - neutrophils and eosinophils
43
function of fibroblasts
-produce CT fibers
44
function of fibrocytes
- "activated fibroblasts' | - maintain CT fibres and matrix
45
function of fixed macrophages
-phagocytize pathogens and damaged cells
46
function of adipocytes
-store lipid reserves
47
function of mesenchymal cells
-CT stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types
48
function of melanocytes
-synthesize melanin
49
function of free macrophages
-mobile/traveling phagocytic cells (derived from monocytes in the blood)
50
function of mast cells
-stimulate local inflammation by releasing histamine and/or heparin
51
function of lymphocytes
- participate in immune response | - some develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies
52
function of neutrophils/eosinophils
-mobilize during infection or tissue injury
53
what are the most abundant type of fixed cell
fibroblasts
54
which 3 types of fibres make up CT proper?
1) collagen 2) reticular 3) elastic
55
CT proper: collagen fibers
-strong, insoluble protein fibres; most common fibre in CT proper
56
_____ connect skeletal muscles to bones
tendons
57
_______ connect bone to bone, or cartilage to cartilage
ligaments
58
what is the function of areolar tissue
- cushions organs - provides support but permits independent movement - phagocytic cells provide defence against pathogens
59
what is the function of adipose tissue
- provides padding and cushions shocks - insulates - store energy
60
what is the function of reticular tissue
-provides supporting framework
61
what are the functions of dense regular CT
- provides firm attachment - conducts pull of muscles - reduces friction between muscles - stabilizes relative positions of bones -e.g. tendon
62
what are the functions of elastic tissue
- stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis - cushions shock - permits expansion and contraction of organs -e.g. ligament
63
what are the functions of dense irregular CT
- provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions - helps prevent over-expansion of organs -e.g. deep dermis
64
name 3 differences between tendons and ligaments
1) tendons have relatively few fibrocytes 2) fibrocytes in tendons are located between bundles of collagen fibers, whereas in ligaments they're among the bundles 3) in tendons, fibrocytes tend to be more elongated
65
what are the 3 components of blood
1) RBC (45%) 2) WBC (very small %) 3) platelets
66
what are cartilage cells called
chondrocytes
67
chondrocytes live in small chambers known as ______
lacunae
68
what separates cartilage from surrounding tissues?
perichondrium
69
what's the most common type of cartilage? where is it found?
hyaline -found between connections between ribs and sternum; supporting cartilages along conducting passageways of respiratory tract; articular cartilages covering opposing bone surfaces in synovial joints
70
what is the weakest type of cartilage?
hyaline
71
what's the purpose of hyaline cartilage?
- provides stiff but somewhat flexible support | - reduces friction between bony surfaces
72
what is the purpose of elastic cartilage?
-provides support, but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape
73
what is the purpose of fibrous cartilage?
- resists compression - prevents bone-to-bone- contact - limits relative movement
74
table 3.2: comparison of structural features of cartilage and bone
review
75
osteocyte - def
bone cells responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
76
periosteum - def
layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous and inner cellular region
77
sarcoplasm - def
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
78
sarcolemma - def
plasma membrane of a muscle cell
79
function of skeletal muscle tissue
- moves or stabilizes position of skeleton - guards entrances and exits to digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts - generates heat - protects internal organs
80
function of cardiac muscle tissue
- circulates blood | - maintains bp
81
function of smooth muscle tissue
- moves food, urine, reproductive tract secretions - controls diameter of respiratory passageways - regulates diameter of blood vessels
82
skeletal muscle tissue
- multiple nuclei, peripherally located - rounded, cylindrical cells, minimal size variation - striated
83
cardiac muscle tissue
- single nucleus, centrally located - short branched cells, moderate size variation - striated (intercalated discs)
84
smooth muscle tissue
- single nucleus, centrally located - short spindle shaped (in longitudinal cross section); considerable size variation - non-striated
85
which two basic types of cells make up nervous tissue
1) neurons - functional cell of NS 2) neuroglia - support cell for neutrons and NS

KIN 3320 (19 decks)

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