endocrine system

Question 1

how to the chemical messengers differ in nervous and endocrine systems?

Answer 1

nervous: neurotransmitters
endocrine: hormones

Question 2

how do the receptors differ in nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 2

nervous: neuromuscular or neuroglandular junction
endocrine: variety of tissues, cells

Question 3

how does the mode of transmission differ in nervous vs endocrine system?

Answer 3

nervous: neurons
endocrine: blood borne

Question 4

how does response time differ in nervous vs endocrine system?

Answer 4

nervous: rapid - milliseconds to seconds
endocrine: slow reaction time - seconds to minutes to hours

Question 5

how do target tissues differ in nervous vs endocrine systems?

Answer 5

nervous: other neurons, muscle cells, gland cells
endocrine: systemic broad - any cell in the body with a receptor for the hormone

Question 6

the endocrine system is mostly regulated by _____ feedback loops

Answer 6

negative

Question 7

what is a positive feedback loop in the body?

Answer 7

• child birth

- hormone (oxytocin) keeps increasing until baby is out

Question 8

describe the feedback loop for glucose

Answer 8

• blood glucose drops after fasting
• pancreas releases glucagon (promote glycogen breakdown)
• blood glucose increases
• pancreas releases insulin (promotes glucose uptake)

Question 9

what are the glands of the endocrine system

Answer 9

1) hypothalamus
2) pituitary gland
3) thyroid
4) adrenal glands
5) pancreatic islets
6) pineal gland
7) parathyroid

secondary functions:

8) heart
9) thymus
10) adipose tissue
11) digestive tract
12) kidneys
13) gonads (testes, ovaries)

Question 10

the hypothalamus innervates which part of the pituitary?

Answer 10

posterior

Question 11

the hypothalamus secretes hormones into which part of the pituitary?

Answer 11

anterior

Question 12

the posterior pituitary is also known as the ____

Answer 12

neurohypophyses

Question 13

the anterior pituitary is also known as the ______

Answer 13

adenohypophyses

Question 14

how many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary? name them

Answer 14

1) TSH
2) ACTH
3) FSH
4) LH
5) PRL
6) GH
7) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

Question 15

which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 15

-oxytocin and ADH

Question 16

TSH

Answer 16

-targets the thyroid gland - stimulates production of T3 and T4

Question 17

ACTH

Answer 17

-targets adrenal cortex - stimulates glucocorticoid secretion

Question 18

FSH

Answer 18

• targets follicular cells in ovaries of females and nurse cells in testes of males
• stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm maturation in males

Question 19

LH

Answer 19

• targets follicular cells in ovaries of females and interstitial cells in testes
• stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone secretion

Question 20

PRL

Answer 20

• prolactin

- targets female mammary glands and stimulates milk production

Question 21

GH

Answer 21

• targets all cells in the body

- stimulates growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization, and catabolism

Question 22

MSH

Answer 22

• melanocyte stimulating hormone
• targets melanocytes
• stimulates increased melanin production in epidermis

Question 23

ADH

Answer 23

• antidiuretic hormone
• targets kidneys
• promotes reabsorption of water and elevation of both blood volume and blood pressure

Question 24

oxytocin

Answer 24

• targets uterus and mammary glands
• causes labor contractions and milk ejection
• targets ductus deferent and prostate
• causes contraction of ductus deferent and prostate and ejection of secretions

Question 25

describe the role of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary

Answer 25

• indirect control through release of regulatory hormones

- hormones released into hypophyseal portal system for delivery to anterior lobe of pituitary

Question 26

describe the role of the hypothalamus in the posterior pituitary

Answer 26

• direct release of hormones
• sensory stimulation (innervation)
• osmoreceptor stimulation

Question 27

pineal gland

Answer 27

• part of the epithalamus

- contains neurons, glial cells, pinealocytes (synthesize melatonin)

Question 28

what is the role of melatonin

Answer 28

• slows maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs
• production rate rises at night and declines during the day

Question 29

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 29

1) zona glomerulosa
2) zona fasciculata
3) zona reticularis

Question 30

what is the mnemonic used to remember what each layer of the adrenal cortex releases?

Answer 30

Salt (mineralocorticoids), sugar (glucocorticoids), sex (androgens)

Question 31

hormones, targets, and effects of the zona glomerulosa

Answer 31

hormones: mineralcorticoids (primarily aldosterone)
targets: kidneys
effects: increase renal absorption of Na+ and water, accelerate urinary loss of K+ ion

Question 32

hormones, targets, and effects of the zona fasciculata

Answer 32

hormones: glucocorticoids, cortisol, corticosterone
target: most cells
effects: release AAs from skeletal muscle, lipids from adipose tissue; promotes formation of liver glycogen and glucose; promotes peripheral utilization of lipids; anti-inflammatory effects

Question 33

hormones, targets, and effects of the zona reticularis

Answer 33

hormones: androgens
targets: ?
effects: uncertain significance under normal conditions

Question 34

which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? what do they target? what are the effects?

Answer 34

hormone: E, NE
target: most cells
effects: increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose - release of lipids by adipose tissue

Question 35

function of parathyroid hormone

Answer 35

raises the blood calcium level by breaking down the bone

Question 36

role of calcitonin (released by thyroid)

Answer 36

• produced by C-cells of the thyroid

- decreases blood Ca++ levels

Question 37

what are the functions of T3 and T4 released from T-cells of the thyroid?

Answer 37

• triiodothyronine (T3)
• thyroxine (T4)
• hormones regulate body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate.

Question 38

what is the location of the thyroid?

Answer 38

anterior and inferior to the larynx

Question 39

what is the location of the parathyroid glands?

Answer 39

posterior surface of thyroid

Question 40

describe the homeostatic process of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Answer 40

• homeostasis disturbed by decreasing T3 and T4 in blood or low body temp
• stimulates receptor in hypothalamus which releases TRH
• anterior lobe of pituitary releases TSH
• thyroid follicles release T3 and T4
• T3 and T4 [ ] increases in blood and body temp rises
• homeostasis restored

Question 41

what are the endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets?

Answer 41

1) alpha cells (glucagon)
2) beta cells (insulin)
3) f cells
4) delta cells (somatostatin; inhibited glucagon and insulin)

Question 42

how does the heart act as an endocrine organ?

Answer 42

• maintains bp and blood volume

- affects water loss and Na+ ions

Question 43

how do the kidneys act as an endocrine organ?

Answer 43

1) erythropoietin
- production of RBCs
2) renin
- release of hormones from adrenal cortex (aldosterone)
- regulate bp

Question 44

how does the thymus act as an endocrine organ?

Answer 44

• several hormones released

- immune system response and lymphocytes

Question 45

how are reproduction organs endocrine organs?

Answer 45

• estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

- eggs and sperm lymphocytes