test 3: respiratory pt 1 Flashcards
what are the 2 main divisions of the anatomical classification of the respiratory system?
1) upper respiratory system
2) lower respiratory system
what are the 2 main divisions of the functional classification of the respiratory system?
1) conducting
2) respiratory
what are the components of the upper respiratory system
- paranasal sinuses
- nasal conchae
- nose
- nasal cavity
- nasopharynx
what are the components of the lower respiratory system?
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
- bronchioles
- alveoli
what are the components of the conducting tract?
- nostrils
- nasal cavity
- nasopharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
what are the components of the respiratory tract?
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveoli
what is the purpose of the upper respiratory system?
-conditions air - filtered, warmed, humidified, to protect lower delicate structures
what is the purpose of the lower respiratory system?
conducting pathway
what type of epithelia lines the conducting tract?
-typical respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
what is the purpose of the respiratory tract?
-where gas exchange occurs
what type of epithelium lines the respiratory tract?
- respiratory bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium
- alveoli - simple squamous epithelium
-allows gas exchange to happen more easily
where does most of our air enter our body?
nostrils
what is the function of paranasal sinuses?
-produce mucus; helps keep nasal cavity clean/moist
what is the purpose of nasal conchae?
- bones that line the passageway of the nasal cavity
- sometimes referred to as terpinated bones - stirs up air as it comes into respiratory system so that mucus lining can interact with dirt particles
- also allows air more time to warm up and humidify and allows stimulation to be picked up by olfactory epithelium
which structure is only open to air that comes in through our nasal cavity (and not our oral cavity)?
-nasopharynx
where does the larynx begin and end?
begins at C3-C5, ends at around C6-C7
what structure does the larynx transition to? where?
trachea, happens at around C6-C7
where does the trachea begin and end?
begins at around C6-C7, ands at about T5
what are the 6 functions of the respiratory system?
1) area for gas exchange
2) protection of respiratory surfaces from environment (dehydration, temp)
3) moves air to and from alveoli (pressure gradients)
4) defends against pathogens (mucus, typical respiratory epithelium)
5) sound production
6) regulation of BV, BP, and fluid pH
which other systems help the respiratory system to accomplish its functions?
-CV, lymphatic, nervous, and skeletal systems (aka respiratory system does not perform its functions alone)
how are typical respiratory epithelium classified?
-pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus cells
what is the role of cilia in typical respiratory epithelia?
- important role in movement of pathogens
- part of the mucocilia escalator
what is the mucocilia escalator?
- mucus and cilia in respiratory tract help move pathogens either up or down respiratory tract so it can get emptied into esophagus instead of bronchioles
- e.g. if pathogen is in pharynx, cilia and mucus push inferiorly; if pathogens in larynx, push superiorly
where are the typical respiratory epithelium NOT found?
1) inferior portion of pharynx - stratified squamous epithelium instead (epithelium have to be more resilient to abrasions)
2) respiratory bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium instead
3) alveoli - simple squamous epithelium instead
the ____ separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
hard palate
how do the soft and hard palate differ from each other?
- hard palate = bone
- soft palate = fleshy
what makes up the floor of the nasal cavity/the roof of the oral cavity?
hard and soft palate
where is the palatine tonsil
-base of oral cavity
where are the pharyngeal tonsils
-posterior nasal cavity
where are the lingual tonsils
-base of tongue
the ____ separates the nasopharynx from the oral cavity
soft palate
the opening to the auditory tube is found in which part of the respiratory tract?
nasopharynx
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx from superior to inferior?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
oropharynx
- open to the oral cavity and base of tongue (respiratory and digestive systems)
- stratified squamous cells
laryngopharynx
- transition from pharynx to larynx
- exposed to oral cavity (respiratory and digestive systems)
- stratified squamous cells
which part of the pharynx is the only one not exposed to both respiratory and digestive systems?
nasopharynx - only respiratory
the epiglottis is connected to which part of the pharynx?
oropharynx
list the 3 paired cartilage of the larynx
1) corniculate (hyaline)
2) arytenoid (hyaline)
3) cuneiform (elastic)
name the 3 unpaired cartilage of the larynx
1) epiglottis (elastic)
2) thyroid (surround anterior and lateral larynx)
3) cricoid (surrounds entire larynx)
what are the purposes of arytenoid and corniculate cartilages of the larynx?
important in opening/closing glottis and in sound production
describe the 3 steps of the swallowing process
1) tongue forces compacted bolus into oropharynx
2) laryngeal movement folds epiglottis; pharyngeal muscles push bolus into esophagus
3) bolus moves along esophagus; larynx returns to normal position
