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KIN 3320 > test 3: Digestive pt 1 > Flashcards

test 3: Digestive pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the structures that make up the digestive tract?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
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2
Q

what are the accessory organs to the digestive system?

A
  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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3
Q

what are the 7 main functions of the digestive tract?

A

1) ingestion
2) mechanical processing
3) absorption
4) secretion
5) excretion
6) compaction
7) digestion

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4
Q

what are the 4 general layers of the digestive tract from superficial to deep?

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscular layer
4) serosa (or adventitia)

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5
Q

what are the 3 layers of the mucosa?

A

1) epithelium
2) lamina propria
3) muscular mucosa

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6
Q

mucosal epithelium

A
  • most superficial layer of mucosa
  • stratified
  • moves to simple in stomach and small and large intestine
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7
Q

lamina propria

A
  • middle layer of mucosa

- CT where BV, nerve endings, lymphatic vessels reside

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8
Q

muscular mucosa

A
  • deepest layer of mucosa
  • 2 thin concentric layers of muscle (internal circular and external longitudinal); alter diameter of lumen, move epithelial plates and folds around (folds are transverse or longitudinal in digestive tract - allows extension of area; increases surface are for more secretion and absorption)
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9
Q

what are the components of the submucosa

A

1) large blood and lymphatic vessels
2) exocrine glands
3) neural plexuses
- sensation to digestive tract

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10
Q

what are the components of the muscular layer?

A

1) inner circular layer (contains myenteric plexus; parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulation occurs here to dilate or constrict)
2) outer longitudinal layer
3) sphincters

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11
Q

where is the 4th layer of the digestive tract an adventitia rather than a serosa?

A
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • rectum
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12
Q

mesentery - def

A

fused double layer of the peritoneal membrane

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13
Q

which structures make up the mesentery?

A

1) falciform ligament
- runs between liver and diaphragm
2) lesser omentum
- between liver and stomach (lesser curvature)
3) greater omentum
- greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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14
Q

which parts of the small intestine are supported by the mesentery proper?

A

-jejunum and ilium (these are inter peritoneal)

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15
Q

peritoneum - def

A

bilayer of serous membrane

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16
Q

which organs are retroperitoneal?

A
  • pancreas
  • duodenum
  • ascending and descending colon
  • middle third of rectum
  • kidneys
  • adrenal glands
  • proximal ureters
  • renal vessels
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17
Q

the uvula is an extension of the _____ palate

A

soft

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18
Q

what is the function of the uvula?

A

prevents food from entering pharynx too soon

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19
Q

what is the function of the tongue?

A
  • mechanical processing: helps teeth chew
  • helps in swallowing
  • provides sensory analysis of foods (touch, temp, taste)
  • chemical processing (secretion of mucins and lingual lipase)
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20
Q

salivary glands are located in the oral cavity

true or false?

A

false

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21
Q

what are the 3 salivary glands and their location?

A

1) parotid gland (largest)
- deep to mandible, inferior to zygomatic arch
2) sublingual gland
- floor of mouth
3) submandibular gland
- floor of mouth (medial mandible)

22
Q

where do the parotid glands release their contents?

A

-duct empties into oral vestibule around second upper molar

23
Q

where do the submandibular glands release their contents?

A
  • ducts empty on either side of the frenulum (base of tongue)
  • posterior to teeth
24
Q

what percentage does each salivary gland contribute to the formation of saliva?

A
  • 70% from submandibular glands
  • 25% parotid salivary glands
  • 5% from sublingual salivary glands
25
Q

where do the sublingual glands empty?

A

numerous ducts open along either side of frenulum

26
Q

what is the location of the esophagus?

A

runs in the mediastinum posterior to the trachea

-starts at C6 (cricoid cartilage) and goes to T7

27
Q

esophageal hiatus - def

A

hole in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes

28
Q

describe the mucosal layer of the esophagus

A
  • folds; run the length of the esophagus

- muscular mucosa: thin or absent in pharynx; single layer of longitudinal smooth muscle in esophagus

29
Q

describe the submucosa of the esophagus

A
  • esophageal glands - lubricate bolus, protect mucosal layers as food passes
  • only other place we find mucus is large intestine
30
Q

describe the muscular layer of the esophagus

A
  • inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
  • changes as you run down tract (superior = skeletal, middle = mix, inferior = smooth)
  • even though there is skeletal muscle, there is no voluntary movement in the esophagus at all
31
Q

describe the adventitia of the esophagus

A

-connects esophagus to posterior aspect of the body wall so it stays in place

32
Q

what are the three functions of the stomach

A

1) temporary food storage
2) mechanical digestion
3) chemical digestion (acid, enzymes)

33
Q

what is the location of the stomach

A
  • sits around T7/L3 region
  • occupies 4 regions (left hypochondriac, left lumbar, umbilical, epigastric)
  • this varies
34
Q

what is the fundus of the stomach

A

superior (above esophagus)

-contacts diaphragm

35
Q

what is the cardia of the stomach?

A

where the esophagus ends and the stomach begins

36
Q

what is the pylorus of the stomach?

A

lower portion

37
Q

describe the histology of the stomach: gastric folds

A
  • the surface epithelium of the gastric mucosa is a simple columnar epithelium
  • gastric pits open to gastric surface (these are temporary, not present when stomach is full)
38
Q

describe the histology of the stomach: muscular layer and mucosal layer

A
  • creates esophageal and pyloric sphincters
  • contains extra layers of smooth muscle in addition to circular and longitudinal (extra oblique layer) - strengthen the stomach wall and assist in mixing and churning
39
Q

what are the 4 secretory cells found in the stomach?

A

1) mucous neck cells
2) parietal cells
3) enteroendocrine cells
4) chief cells

40
Q

function of mucous neck cells

A

water soluble stomach lubricant

  • found in all regions of the stomach
  • in gastric pits (shallow depression)
41
Q

function of parietal cells

A
  • intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 absorption)
  • HCl (lowers pH, kills microorganisms, breaks down CT and protein)

-found in proximal portion of gland (base of pit, beginning of gland)

42
Q

function of enteroendocrine cells

A

-gastrin (hormone) that stimulates parietal and chief cells and promotes muscle contraction (activates smooth muscle)

43
Q

what is the function of chief cells

A
  • pepsinogen (converted to pepsin; activated by acid of stomach) - breaks down proteins
  • found primarily in fundus of stomach
44
Q

where does 90% of the absorption of material occur

A

small intestine

45
Q

what are the 3 portions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
46
Q

duodenum

A
  • closely associated with pancreas (sits in curvature) and liver (bile secretion)
  • shortest and widest section
  • majority is retroperitoneal
  • receives chyme from stomach
47
Q

jejunum

A
  • interperitoneal
  • supported by mesentery proper
  • bulk of absorption
  • thicker wall than ileum
  • umbilical region
48
Q

ileum

A
  • longest section
  • interperitoneal
  • hypogastric region
  • mesentery thicker, more fatty tissue than jejunum
49
Q

what structures are found in the small intestine to increase surface area?

A

1) circular folds
- permanent folds
2) villi
- simple columnar epithelium
- project into lumen diameter
3) microvilli

50
Q

What is the name of the lymphatic vessel found within the intestinal villi

A

lacteals (found in lamina propria)

-material that can’t be absorbed by capillaries will be picked up here to enter venous circulation by thoracic duct

51
Q

which cells in the small intestine are responsible for creating our good gut bacteria?

A

paneth cells

52
Q

what are the regional differences between the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum:

  • contains mucus producing glands to protect from acidic chyme
  • contains duodenal ampulla (receives bile from pancreas)

Jejunum:

  • circular folds and villi prominent in proximal half
  • most nutrient absorption

ileum

  • distal portion lacks circular folds
  • lamina propria contains aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peters patch)

KIN 3320 (19 decks)

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