test 3: respiratory pt 2 Flashcards
where is the larynx located?
cervical region
describe the shape of tracheal cartilage
- 15-20 C-shaped rings
- held together by annular ligaments
- cartilage opens posteriorly to allow movement of large contents
what structure is joined by the tracheal muscle?
muscle joins the edges of the tracheal cartilage
-changes the diameter of tracheal lumen - affects resistance to air flow
what are the anatomical structures that demarcate the beginning and end of the trachea?
begins at cricoid cartilage of larynx and ends at carina
compare the R and L bronchi
- L branches off to the side to accommodate for heart below
- R descends at a steeper angle; shorter than L; larger diameter
which bronchi does food enter if it enters the respiratory tract?
Right
what type of epithelium lines the trachea and L and R main bronchi?
typical respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus cells)
in what cavity do the lungs sit?
in the thoracic cavity, each in their own pleural cavities
why is the pleural cavity said to be a potential space?
in a healthy human, parietal and visceral pleura should be touching, with only a thin layer of fluid in between
-it becomes pathological when there is an actual space (e.g. pneumothorax)
pneumothorax - def
- excess air in pleural cavity - lung collapses
- can occur spontaneously or due to underlying disease (e.g. COPD)
- chest pain, shortness of breath
- if amt of air in cavity is small, can heal on its own
pleurisy - def
fluid build up in pleural cavity
hemothorax - def
blood build up in pleural cavity
where do the tracheal cartilage stop being C shaped?
when the main bronchi separate into lobar bronchi (become cartilage plates instead)
how many lobar bronchi branch off of the R and L main bronchi?
R: 3
L: 2
because of how many lobes are present
what is the smallest branch of our conducting system of the respiratory tract?
bronchioles
where does epithelial lining start to change in our respiratory tract?
at terminal bronchioles, where they change from typical respiratory epithelium to simple columnar ciliated epithelium
what epithelia lines the respiratory bronchioles?
simple cuboidal epithelium
in which 2 structures does gas exchange occur?
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli
what are the 3 layers of the blood air barrier?
1) alveolar epithelial cells (simple squamous Type I)
2) capillary endothelial cells (simple squamous)
3) fused basement membrane
the ______ connects the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli
alveolar ducts
what type of cells produce surfactant?
type II alveolar cells
describe the movement from the nostrils to the alveoli
- nostrils
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- R/L bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
describe the exchange of oxygen and CO2 within the alveoli
- Process of bulk flow and diffusion
- During inspiration, bulk flow of oxygen molecules meets alveoli which are comprised of a thin membrane of simple squamous epithelial cells; high [] of O2 in air, low [] in blood, diffusion occurs. Vice versa with CO2, high [] in blood coming up to alveoli, low [] in air, diffuses out to be exhaled
