test 3: respiratory pt 2

Question 1

where is the larynx located?

Answer 1

cervical region

Question 2

describe the shape of tracheal cartilage

Answer 2

• 15-20 C-shaped rings
• held together by annular ligaments
• cartilage opens posteriorly to allow movement of large contents

Question 3

what structure is joined by the tracheal muscle?

Answer 3

muscle joins the edges of the tracheal cartilage

-changes the diameter of tracheal lumen - affects resistance to air flow

Question 4

what are the anatomical structures that demarcate the beginning and end of the trachea?

Answer 4

begins at cricoid cartilage of larynx and ends at carina

Question 5

compare the R and L bronchi

Answer 5

• L branches off to the side to accommodate for heart below

- R descends at a steeper angle; shorter than L; larger diameter

Question 6

which bronchi does food enter if it enters the respiratory tract?

Answer 6

Right

Question 7

what type of epithelium lines the trachea and L and R main bronchi?

Answer 7

typical respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus cells)

Question 8

in what cavity do the lungs sit?

Answer 8

in the thoracic cavity, each in their own pleural cavities

Question 9

why is the pleural cavity said to be a potential space?

Answer 9

in a healthy human, parietal and visceral pleura should be touching, with only a thin layer of fluid in between
-it becomes pathological when there is an actual space (e.g. pneumothorax)

Question 10

pneumothorax - def

Answer 10

• excess air in pleural cavity - lung collapses
• can occur spontaneously or due to underlying disease (e.g. COPD)
• chest pain, shortness of breath
• if amt of air in cavity is small, can heal on its own

Question 11

pleurisy - def

Answer 11

fluid build up in pleural cavity

Question 12

hemothorax - def

Answer 12

blood build up in pleural cavity

Question 13

where do the tracheal cartilage stop being C shaped?

Answer 13

when the main bronchi separate into lobar bronchi (become cartilage plates instead)

Question 14

how many lobar bronchi branch off of the R and L main bronchi?

Answer 14

R: 3
L: 2

because of how many lobes are present

Question 15

what is the smallest branch of our conducting system of the respiratory tract?

Answer 15

bronchioles

Question 16

where does epithelial lining start to change in our respiratory tract?

Answer 16

at terminal bronchioles, where they change from typical respiratory epithelium to simple columnar ciliated epithelium

Question 17

what epithelia lines the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 17

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 18

in which 2 structures does gas exchange occur?

Answer 18

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Question 19

what are the 3 layers of the blood air barrier?

Answer 19

1) alveolar epithelial cells (simple squamous Type I)
2) capillary endothelial cells (simple squamous)
3) fused basement membrane

Question 20

the ______ connects the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli

Answer 20

alveolar ducts

Question 21

what type of cells produce surfactant?

Answer 21

type II alveolar cells

Question 22

describe the movement from the nostrils to the alveoli

Answer 22

• nostrils
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• R/L bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveolar ducts
• alveolar sacs
• alveoli

Question 23

describe the exchange of oxygen and CO2 within the alveoli

Answer 23

• Process of bulk flow and diffusion
• During inspiration, bulk flow of oxygen molecules meets alveoli which are comprised of a thin membrane of simple squamous epithelial cells; high [] of O2 in air, low [] in blood, diffusion occurs. Vice versa with CO2, high [] in blood coming up to alveoli, low [] in air, diffuses out to be exhaled