test 3: digestive pt 2

Question 1

which structure produces bile?

Answer 1

liver

Question 2

where is bile stored?

Answer 2

gallbladder

Question 3

what are the 3 functions of the large intestine?

Answer 3

1) absorbs water and electrolytes
2) absorbs vitamins produced by bacteria
3) stores feces before defecation

Question 4

what are the 4 portions of the large intestine

Answer 4

1) ascending colon
2) transverse colon
3) descending colon
4) sigmoid colon

Question 5

what is the location of the large intestine?

Answer 5

sits under stomach, lining almost complete ring around small intestine
-umbilical region, right and left lumbar regions, right and left iliac regions

Question 6

describe the path food wastes travel through the large intestine

Answer 6

• ileum opens into cecum of large intestine (comes through iliocecal valve)
• ascending colon (turns 90 deg at right colic flexure)
• transverse colon (turns at left colic flexure)
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum
• anus

Question 7

what are the series of pouches that make up the large intestine called? what is their purpose?

Answer 7

• haustra

- allows for distention and elongation of the colon

Question 8

what are teniae coli?

Answer 8

three separate longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

• run along the outer surfaces of colon just deep to serosa
• correspond to outer longitudinal layer in other portions of digestive tract (these create the haustra)

Question 9

what is different in the histology of the small intestine that is not found in the large intestine?

Answer 9

villi, microvilli, or circular folds

Question 10

how do the gastric glands differ from small intestine to large intestine?

Answer 10

gastric glands in large intestine are deeper and produce mucus

Question 11

histology of the large intestine

Answer 11

1) mucosa (superficial)
- 3 layers
- simple columnar epithelium; transitions to stratified squamous in rectum
2) submucosa
3) muscular layer (2)
- teniae coli
- circular muscle
4) serosa

Question 12

where is the location of the liver

Answer 12

• upper right quadrant mostly
• right hypochondriac and epigastric regions
• left hypochondriac and umbilical in some people

Question 13

what are the 3 functions of the liver

Answer 13

1) metabolic regulation
- regulates circulating levels of carbohydrates, lipids, AAs; all blood flows through here (absorbs nutrients, wastes, toxins; through hepatic portal system)
2) hematological regulation
- 25% of blood reservoir stored here; removal of old or damaged blood cells; secretion of plasma proteins
3) production of bile
- synthesized in liver, stored in gallbladder, excreted in duodenum

Question 14

how does the anterior surface of the liver differ from the posterior?

Answer 14

• anterior = smooth

- posterior = conforms to surroundings from stomach, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine

Question 15

what divides the right and left lobes of the liver?

Answer 15

falciform ligament

Question 16

what is the porta hepatis?

Answer 16

-contains hepatic portal vein, artery, and bile duct; all linked to digestive tract, not systemic circulation

Question 17

how many lobes are in the anterior liver? posterior?

Answer 17

anterior: 2 lobes (right and left)
posterior: 4 lobes (right, left, caudate, quadrate)

Question 18

what is the functional unit of the liver?

Answer 18

liver lobules

Question 19

hepatic sinusoid - def

Answer 19

capillaries that surround all liver cells
-blood comes in and drains into sinusoids, drains towards central vein (veins then merge together to form hepatic vein; empty into inferior vena cava)

Question 20

what makes up the portal triad?

Answer 20

1) interlobular bile duct
2) interlobular artery
3) interlobular vein

Question 21

what is the function of hepatocytes?

Answer 21

• they form the liver lobules

- formation of bile

Question 22

describe the movement of bile from the liver until its storage

Answer 22

• bile secreted into bile canaliculi
• flow from centre to periphery, forms bile ductules
• drain into nearest interlobular bile duct (portal triad)
• form into right and left hepatic ducts
• unite to form common hepatic duct
• bile sent to duodenum directly or enters cystic duct to gallbladder for storage

Question 23

what type of WBC is found along the lining of sinusoids in liver lobules?

Answer 23

macrophages

-engulf pathogens, cell debris, damaged RBCs

Question 24

what is the structure of a liver lobule?

Answer 24

one lobule contains one central vein surrounded by 6 portal triads in hexagonal shape

Question 25

what is the function of the gallbladder?

Answer 25

stores and concentrates bile

Question 26

what is the location of the gallbladder?

Answer 26

-posterior to the right lobe of the liver

Question 27

what structures flow through the lesser omentum?

Answer 27

blood vessels, arteries, and bile duct

Question 28

what are the 3 sections of the gallbladder?

Answer 28

• neck
• body
• fundus (superior)

Question 29

what is the cystic duct of the gallbladder?

Answer 29

• connects the gallbladder to the common septic duct
• when common and cystic ducts join, becomes bile duct (contains bile from liver and gallbladder)
• travels through lesser omentum to join pancreatic duct
• opens to duodenum via greater duodenal ampulla

Question 30

what is the location of the pancreas?

Answer 30

• posterior to stomach
• extends laterally from duodenum towards spleen
• umbilical and left lumbar regions

Question 31

what are the pancreatic acini?

Answer 31

• beginning of the duct system of the pancreas (duct drain into progressively larger ducts)
• simple cuboidal epithelium
• produce pancreatic juices (water, ions, digestive enzymes) - break down food - also contain buffers (sodium carbonate) to neutralize acid

Question 32

the accessory pancreatic duct empties into the _____ duodenal ampulla, the pancreatic duct empties into the _____ duodenal ampulla

Answer 32

lesser, greater