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KIN 3320 > NS pt 4 > Flashcards

NS pt 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 major regions of the brain

A

1) cerebrum
2) diencephalon
3) cerebellum
4) midbrain
5) pons
6) medulla

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2
Q

falx cerebri

A

divides 2 lobes of cerebrum

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3
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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4
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates cerebellar lobes

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5
Q

diaphragm sellae

A

extension of dura mater where pituitary gland sits

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6
Q

how does the dura mater of the brain differ from that of the spinal cord

A

there are 2 layers instead of one

  • periosteal (superficial) dura: in contact with bone
  • meningeal (deep) dura: in contact with arachnoid mater
  • allows for formation of dural sinuses
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7
Q

what is the purpose of dural sinuses?

A

-help carry venous blood from brain (&CSF) back into general circulation

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8
Q

which meningeal layer extends down into sulci on the cortical surface of the brain?

A

Pia mater

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9
Q

dural sinuses drain into which sinus before going into general circulation?

A

sigmoid sinus

-drains into jugular veins

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10
Q

what are the 3 functions of CSF?

A

1) cushions
2) supports
3) transports nutrients, chemicals, waste from nervous tissue into general circulation

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11
Q

what structures create CSF?

A
  • ventricles of the brain

- choroid plexus

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12
Q

what is the choroid plexus made of?

A
  • blood vessels

- ependymal cells

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13
Q

describe CSF circulation starting in the lateral ventricles all the way until it reaches general circulation

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • interventricular foramen
  • third ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
  • fourth ventricle
  • medial or lateral aperture (goes to central canal (medial) or subarachnoid space (lateral) where it exits through arachnoid granulations that extend into dural sinuses
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • straight sinus
  • transverse sinus
  • sigmoid sinus
  • general circulation through jugular vein
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14
Q

which ventricle(s) are the largest?

A

lateral

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15
Q

the lateral ventricles communicate with each other directly

true or false?

A

false - septum pellucid separates anterior horns from each other
-interventricular foramen connects them

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16
Q

which structure wraps around the third ventricle?

A

diencephalon

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17
Q

which structure surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?

A

midbrain

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18
Q

the walls of the 4th ventricle are surrounded by which structures?

A

-pons and medulla

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19
Q

which structures connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?

A
  • median and lateral apertures

- median continuous with central canal and lateral continuous with subarachnoid space

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20
Q

which structure makes up the most inferior end of the brainstem?

A

medulla

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21
Q

the medulla connects which structures together?

A

connects brain to spinal cord

22
Q

olivary nuclei

A
  • structure in medulla

- carry info from vermis of cerebellum to medulla

23
Q

which sensory tracts cross over in the medulla?

A

posterior columns

24
Q

which cranial nuclei are found in the medulla?

A

CN nuclei of IX-XII

-first order neurons from corticobulbar tracts synapse onto these CNs

25
Q

which part of the brain holds the reflex centres for CV and respiratory?

A

medulla

-pons and midbrain (respiratory also)

26
Q

reticular formation

A
  • collection of tracts and cell bodies responsible for controlling ANS
  • found in all 3 parts of the brainstem
27
Q

tracts from which brain structure connect cerebellar hemispheres?

A

pons

28
Q

which CN nuclei are found in the pons?

A

CN nuclei V-VIII

29
Q

the superior and inferior colliculi are in which brain structure?

A

midbrain

30
Q

what are the general functions of the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

superior - vision

inferior - auditory

31
Q

which CN nuclei are found in the midbrain?

A

CN nuclei III and IV

32
Q

where are the red nuclei and substantial nigra found? what is their purpose?

A

in the midbrain; important for regulating motor output

33
Q

the diencephalon is one of the largest collections of cell bodies (grey matter) found in the internal aspect of the brain

true or false?

A

true

34
Q

what are the 3 parts to the diencephalon?

A

1) epithalamus
- pineal gland
2) thalamus
3) hypothalamus

35
Q

what are the functions of the thalamus

A
  • relay station for motor and sensory pathways
  • EXCEPT for olfactory pathways and spinocerebellar tracts
  • contains medial (auditory) and lateral (visual) geniculate nuclei
  • makes up walls of third ventricle
36
Q

what are the main functions of the hypothalamus?

A

1) autonomic functions
2) appetite drives
3) oxytocin (stimulates uterine contraction), and ADH (fluid escape from kidneys)
4) regulates body temp
5) autonomic centres (PNS, SNS)
6) circadian rhythms control
7) feeding reflexes (coughing, choking, swallowing)

37
Q

which structures allow the cerebellum to connect to the pons?

A

cerebellar peduncles

38
Q

what are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A

1) adjusting postural muscles of the body (red nucleus)

2) programming and fine tuning movement (voluntary and involuntary)

39
Q

what CT structure separates the R and L cerebellar hemispheres? what meningeal layer makes up this structure? what is found within this structure?

A

fall cerebelli; extension of meningeal dura mater; straight sinus found within

40
Q

the tentorium cerebelli contains which sinus?

A

transverse

41
Q

the insular cortex includes which 2 important cortices?

A

olfactory and gustatory

42
Q

the _____ sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes, and the occipital lobe posteriorly

A

lateral

43
Q

the _____ sulcus separates the primary motor and sensory cortices

A

central

44
Q

aphasia - def

A

inability to speak or comprehend what’s being said

45
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

know what’s going on but can’t speak properly

46
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

can speak but have problems with comprehension

47
Q

which hemisphere of the brain are language areas most commonly found?

A

left

48
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • speech production

- closer to motor areas on brain

49
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • language comprehension

- important for somatosensory association - found partly in auditory cortex and parietal cortex

50
Q

what are the 3 tracts that connect different regions of the brain together or regions of the CNS with the brain?

A

1) association fibres
- link perceptual and memory centers of brain (stay within one side of brain)
- e.g. arcuate and longitudinal tracts
2) commissural fibres
- connect two hemispheres
- travel mostly through corpus callosum
3) projection fibres
- carry info from cerebrum to another part of CNS
- cortices, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon, spinal cord

51
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves? Are they sensory, motor, or both?

A

1) olfactory (sensory)
2) optic (sensory)
3) oculomotor (motor)
4) trochlea (motor)
5) trigeminal (both)
6) abducens (motor)
7) facial (both)
8) vestibulocochlear (sensory)
9) glossopharyngeal (both)
10) vagus (both)
11) accessory (motor)
12) hypoglossal (motor)

KIN 3320 (19 decks)

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