NS pt 4 Flashcards
what are the 6 major regions of the brain
1) cerebrum
2) diencephalon
3) cerebellum
4) midbrain
5) pons
6) medulla
falx cerebri
divides 2 lobes of cerebrum
tentorium cerebelli
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
falx cerebelli
separates cerebellar lobes
diaphragm sellae
extension of dura mater where pituitary gland sits
how does the dura mater of the brain differ from that of the spinal cord
there are 2 layers instead of one
- periosteal (superficial) dura: in contact with bone
- meningeal (deep) dura: in contact with arachnoid mater
- allows for formation of dural sinuses
what is the purpose of dural sinuses?
-help carry venous blood from brain (&CSF) back into general circulation
which meningeal layer extends down into sulci on the cortical surface of the brain?
Pia mater
dural sinuses drain into which sinus before going into general circulation?
sigmoid sinus
-drains into jugular veins
what are the 3 functions of CSF?
1) cushions
2) supports
3) transports nutrients, chemicals, waste from nervous tissue into general circulation
what structures create CSF?
- ventricles of the brain
- choroid plexus
what is the choroid plexus made of?
- blood vessels
- ependymal cells
describe CSF circulation starting in the lateral ventricles all the way until it reaches general circulation
- lateral ventricles
- interventricular foramen
- third ventricle
- cerebral aqueduct
- fourth ventricle
- medial or lateral aperture (goes to central canal (medial) or subarachnoid space (lateral) where it exits through arachnoid granulations that extend into dural sinuses
- superior sagittal sinus
- straight sinus
- transverse sinus
- sigmoid sinus
- general circulation through jugular vein
which ventricle(s) are the largest?
lateral
the lateral ventricles communicate with each other directly
true or false?
false - septum pellucid separates anterior horns from each other
-interventricular foramen connects them
which structure wraps around the third ventricle?
diencephalon
which structure surrounds the cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain
the walls of the 4th ventricle are surrounded by which structures?
-pons and medulla
which structures connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space?
- median and lateral apertures
- median continuous with central canal and lateral continuous with subarachnoid space
which structure makes up the most inferior end of the brainstem?
medulla
the medulla connects which structures together?
connects brain to spinal cord
olivary nuclei
- structure in medulla
- carry info from vermis of cerebellum to medulla
which sensory tracts cross over in the medulla?
posterior columns
which cranial nuclei are found in the medulla?
CN nuclei of IX-XII
-first order neurons from corticobulbar tracts synapse onto these CNs
which part of the brain holds the reflex centres for CV and respiratory?
medulla
-pons and midbrain (respiratory also)
reticular formation
- collection of tracts and cell bodies responsible for controlling ANS
- found in all 3 parts of the brainstem
tracts from which brain structure connect cerebellar hemispheres?
pons
which CN nuclei are found in the pons?
CN nuclei V-VIII
the superior and inferior colliculi are in which brain structure?
midbrain
what are the general functions of the superior and inferior colliculi?
superior - vision
inferior - auditory
which CN nuclei are found in the midbrain?
CN nuclei III and IV
where are the red nuclei and substantial nigra found? what is their purpose?
in the midbrain; important for regulating motor output
the diencephalon is one of the largest collections of cell bodies (grey matter) found in the internal aspect of the brain
true or false?
true
what are the 3 parts to the diencephalon?
1) epithalamus
- pineal gland
2) thalamus
3) hypothalamus
what are the functions of the thalamus
- relay station for motor and sensory pathways
- EXCEPT for olfactory pathways and spinocerebellar tracts
- contains medial (auditory) and lateral (visual) geniculate nuclei
- makes up walls of third ventricle
what are the main functions of the hypothalamus?
1) autonomic functions
2) appetite drives
3) oxytocin (stimulates uterine contraction), and ADH (fluid escape from kidneys)
4) regulates body temp
5) autonomic centres (PNS, SNS)
6) circadian rhythms control
7) feeding reflexes (coughing, choking, swallowing)
which structures allow the cerebellum to connect to the pons?
cerebellar peduncles
what are the main functions of the cerebellum?
1) adjusting postural muscles of the body (red nucleus)
2) programming and fine tuning movement (voluntary and involuntary)
what CT structure separates the R and L cerebellar hemispheres? what meningeal layer makes up this structure? what is found within this structure?
fall cerebelli; extension of meningeal dura mater; straight sinus found within
the tentorium cerebelli contains which sinus?
transverse
the insular cortex includes which 2 important cortices?
olfactory and gustatory
the _____ sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes, and the occipital lobe posteriorly
lateral
the _____ sulcus separates the primary motor and sensory cortices
central
aphasia - def
inability to speak or comprehend what’s being said
Broca’s aphasia
know what’s going on but can’t speak properly
Wernicke’s aphasia
can speak but have problems with comprehension
which hemisphere of the brain are language areas most commonly found?
left
Broca’s area
- speech production
- closer to motor areas on brain
Wernicke’s area
- language comprehension
- important for somatosensory association - found partly in auditory cortex and parietal cortex
what are the 3 tracts that connect different regions of the brain together or regions of the CNS with the brain?
1) association fibres
- link perceptual and memory centers of brain (stay within one side of brain)
- e.g. arcuate and longitudinal tracts
2) commissural fibres
- connect two hemispheres
- travel mostly through corpus callosum
3) projection fibres
- carry info from cerebrum to another part of CNS
- cortices, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon, spinal cord
what are the 12 cranial nerves? Are they sensory, motor, or both?
1) olfactory (sensory)
2) optic (sensory)
3) oculomotor (motor)
4) trochlea (motor)
5) trigeminal (both)
6) abducens (motor)
7) facial (both)
8) vestibulocochlear (sensory)
9) glossopharyngeal (both)
10) vagus (both)
11) accessory (motor)
12) hypoglossal (motor)
