Test 3 Flashcards
What is sexual reproduction
It involves 2 parents. It is the fusion of a male gamete and a female gamete to form a zygote
What gamete
It is a sex cell
What is puberty like for males
Puberty occurs between 12 and 14 years. The hormones cause, sperm production, growth spurts, growth of tsetse and penis, deepening voice and growth of body facial hair
What is the placenta
This is a structure that forms from some of the embryo cells and cells from the womb lining. Blood passes from the body to the placenta through the umbilical cord
What does the placenta do
The placenta allows substances to diffuse between the mother and the baby without there bodies mixing. food nutrients and oxygen pass to the baby while carbon dioxide and other waste pass to the mother
What happens during pregnancy
The zygote divides many times to form a clump of cells called the embryo. Implantation is the attachment of the embryo to the womb lining. The embryo becomes surrounded by the amnion membrane. The amnion fills with amniotic fluid to protect the growing foetus
What are the steeps of birth
Step 1: Contractions of the uterus wall “labour “ begins.They Cause the amnion to burst, and the amniotic fluid to flow out through the vagina “breaking of the waters”
Step 2: The cervix widens (dilates) and the baby is pushed head first out through the vagina. The umbilical cord is clamped and cut. The baby takes its first breath.
Step 3: The placenta and the remains of the umbilical cord are pushed out through the vagina afterbirth.
What advantages does breast milk have
It contains all the nutrients needed for the baby
It contains antibiotics to help fight infections
How can we prevent fertilisation naturally
By avoiding intercourse between days 9-16
How can you prevent fertilisation artificially
-use of condoms
-use of the contraceptive pill
-surgery to cut out and tie the fallopian tube and the sperm duct
What is an ethical reason we prevent implementation
The rights and wrongs are often influenced by religion
What is a societal issue for preventing implementation
The laws of a country reflect the beliefs of the population usually
What is in vitro fertilisation (IVF)
Eggs are removed from the ovaries and are then fertilised with sperm cells on a Petri dish. The zygotes formed are allowed develop into embryos. The Embryos are then placed in the woman’s uterus and allowed to implant. If successful pregnancy proceeds normally
Advantages of IVF
IVF allows couples to have a child who might not be able too
Disadvantage of IVF
It’s very expensive, higher chance of multiple pregnancy, higher risk of birth defects
Ethical issues of IVF
Not a natural process, not all embryos produced are used
What ate stem cells
Stem cells can develop into any cell. They are found in embryos, umbilical cords and bone marrow. They have potential to be used for growing transplants organs
What is the menstrual cycle
The menstrual cycle is a series of changes that take place in females about every 28 days between puberty and menopause. The menstrual cycle does not take place during pregnancy
What happens during days 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle
The lining of the uterus breaks down. This lining, along with some blood, is passed out of the body through the vagina.
What happens during days 6 to 13 of the menstrual cycle
A new lining develops in the uterus. This lining will be needed to nourish a developing baby if the female becomes pregnant. The egg continues to develop in the ovary.
What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle
The egg is released from the ovary. This is called ovulation. The egg can survive for 2 days in the fallopian tube.
What happens on days 15 to 28 of the menstrual cycle
The lining of the uterus remains in place. It will break down on the first day of the next menstrual cycle.
