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Intro To Biology (for Vet Techs) > Taxonomy & The Diversity Of Life > Flashcards

Taxonomy & The Diversity Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The branch of biology that studies the evolutionary history of organisms.

A

Phylogeny

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2
Q

The field of biology that names and organisms species based on their similarities.

A

Taxonomy

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3
Q

A field that incorporates taxonomy, variation among populations, and relationships among organisms over time to provide insight into the evolutionary history of life.

A

Biological Systematics

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4
Q

Studied the differences and similarities in the biological structure of organisms to group species using a nested hierarchical system of classification.

A

Carl Linnaeus

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5
Q

8 hierarchical groupings (taxa) used to classify species:
(largest to smallest)

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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6
Q

Largest of 8 hierarchical groupings used to name and organize species.

A

Domain

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7
Q

The branch of biology that studies the form of organisms and relationships between their structures.

A

Morphology

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8
Q

Name species using a combination of the genus and species of the organism.

A

Binomial Nomenclature

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9
Q

The 2nd word in the scientific name generated by binomial nomenclature.
ex. Homo sapiens (sapiens)

A

Species Epithet

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10
Q

A reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature.

A

Species

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11
Q

A species is a single lineage of ancestor-decent populations that maintains its identity from other such lineages and that has its own evolutionary tendencies. —> Therefore, a species is a specific lineage evolving separately from others.

A

Evolutionary Species Concept

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12
Q

Considers 2 genetically similar populations as different species when they are geographically isolated from one another and each population carries unique morphological differences.

A

Phylogenetic Species Concept

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13
Q

The evolutionary relationship among organisms. —> Sheds light on the divergence of species through history.
Depicted using a phylogenetic tree with branches to represent lineages and nodes to depict common ancestors.
Uses synapomorphies to group similar species into clades.

A

Phylogeny

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14
Q

Derived from a common ancestor.
(ex. the tail of a monkey and the tail of a cat)

A

Homologous Characters

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15
Q

Are analogues that evolve independently (usually through convergent evolution because of similar selective pressures) so they don’t represent a shared ancestors between 2 species.
(ex. the wings of a bird and the wings of a bat)

A

Homoplastic Characters

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16
Q

Related species are ground into a branch if they share a derived character (which is a trait that differs from the ancestral state).

A

Clade

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17
Q

A trait that differs from the ancestral state.

A

Derived Character

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18
Q

Shared, derived characters.

A

Synapomorphies

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19
Q

Used to depict the evolutionary relationships among different species/groups.

A

Cladogram

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20
Q

A single species/group that’s related to all the others in the tree but is still distinct.

A

Outgroup

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21
Q

Conceptually and visually similar to a cladogram but the lengths of its branches correspond to time. —> Incorporates numerical data to detail the changes that occurred in a lineage over time.

A

Phylogram
(Phylogenetic Tree)

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22
Q

Shows the relationship between different groups of animals along with their derived characters.

A

Cladogram

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23
Q

Includes all the members of a group as well as their most recent common ancestor.
A clade is a _______ ______.

A

Monophyletic Taxon

24
Q

Contains a common ancestor but leaves out some of its descendants.

A

Paraphyletic Taxon

25
Q

Doesn’t include the common ancestor to all of its members.

A

Polyphyletic Taxon

26
Q

The use of DNA and proteins in the identification and classification of species.

A

Molecular Systematics

27
Q

Molecular Systematics
A method of identifying species based on the sequence of a standard section of DNA.

A

DNA Barcoding

28
Q

The study of form and structure of organisms or parts of organisms.

A

Morphology

29
Q

Species that appear identical to each other but are different at a genetic level and are unable to breed with each other.
(ex. African elephants that live in forests and African elephants that live in the Savana)

A

Cryptic Species

30
Q

5 Kingdoms:

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Protista
Monera

31
Q

3 Domains:

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

32
Q

Vast group of prokaryotic organisms that play critical roles in cycling carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur and have an important symbiotic relationship with other organisms.

A

Bacteria
Eubacteria (“true bacteria”)

33
Q

Produce their own food from their surroundings using either light energy (in photosynthesis) or chemical energy (in chemosynthesis).

A

Autotrophs

34
Q

Can’t produce their own food, so they ingest other organisms for their nutrition.

A

Heterotrophs

35
Q

Rod-shaped bacteria.

A

Bacillus

36
Q

Ball-shaped bacteria.

A

Coccus

37
Q

Spiral-shaped bacteria.

A

Spirillum

38
Q

Have a thick, complex outer cell wall (mostly made of peptidoglycan) that stains a characteristic purple color after Gram staining.

A

Gram-Positive Bacteria

39
Q

Have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall and stain pink in gram staining.

A

Gram-Negative Bacteria

40
Q

Diverse group of prokaryotic microorganisms. Lack membrane-bound organelles and a nuclear envelope (like bacteria). Cell walls don’t contain peptidoglycan. Well known for living in extreme/inhospitable environments.

A

Archaea

41
Q

Make their own food from solar or chemical energy.

A

Autotrophic

42
Q

Consuming other organisms for food.

A

Heterotrophic

43
Q

Acquiring dissolved nutrients from decaying organisms.

A

Saprotropic

44
Q

Change between autotrophic and heterotrophic methods of acquiring nutrients depending on what’s available.

A

Mixotrophic

45
Q

Eukaryotes.
Divided into 4 kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

A

Eukarya

46
Q

Eukarya
Mostly unicellular and relatively less complex than most other eukaryotes.
Paraphyletic so invalid taxon… Catch-all for organisms that are eukaryotes but are not animals, plants, or fungi.
Live in marine, freshwater, or other wet environments.
Have a huge impact on the earth’s ecosystem: serving as the base of several food chains decomposing dead organic material, symbiotically supporting other organisms, and creating a significant portion of the earth’s oxygen.

A

“Protista”

47
Q

Protists roughly divided into 3 groups based on their mode of locomotion:

A

-Ciliates
-Flagellates
-Amoebas

48
Q

Protist locomotion
Move by waving large numbers of small, hair-like cilia to propel themselves through water.

A

Ciliates

49
Q

Protist locomotion
Move by rotating 1+ long flagella.

A

Flagellates

50
Q

Protist locomotion
Move using pseudopods (fingerlike projections of cytoplasm).

A

Amoebas
(ameboid protists)

51
Q

Eukarya
Plants.
Multicellular and photosynthetic.
Autotrophs (carry out photosynthesis using chloroplasts).
Critical to human life on earth. —> Humans depend on the oxygen generated and the carbon-containing compounds produced by plants carrying out photosynthesis.

A

Plantae

52
Q

Eukarya
Include both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Can reproduce sexually or asexually.
Non-vascular, non-moving, heterotrophic.
Essential in the breakdown/decomposition of dead matter.
Some cause diseases, others produce antibiotics.

A

Fungi

53
Q

Eukarya
Animals.
Multi-cellular heterotrophs.
Cells organized into tissues.
Most reproduce sexually.
High degree of diversity in form and ecosystems they inhabit.
Characterized by their mode of embryonic development.

A

Animalia

54
Q

Can use inorganic substances to produce organic compounds. —> Either through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Don’t need to eat food.

A

Autotrophic

55
Q

Need to ingest food to produce energy.

A

Heterotrophic

56
Q

Can switch between autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolisms depending on whether nutrients are available.

A

Mixotrophic

57
Q

Feed on decaying organic matter.

A

Saprotrophic

Intro To Biology (for Vet Techs) (23 decks)

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