Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

Genetic composition.

Answer 1

Genotype

Question 2

Observable characteristics.

Answer 2

Phenotype

Question 3

Variations of a gene.

Answer 3

Alleles

Question 4

Follow a simple pattern of inheritance as defined by Mendel’s laws of dominance. —> Establishes that dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits.

Answer 4

Autosomal Alleles

Question 5

Lead to expression of the allele whether the individual has 1 or 2 copies of the allele.

Answer 5

Autosomal Dominant Alleles

Question 6

Are only expressed when the individual is homozygous for the allele.
Individuals with 1 copy of the recessive trait are carriers and could pass the recessive allele on to future generations.

Answer 6

Autosomal Recessive Alleles

Question 7

A characteristic pattern of inheritance exhibited by genes located on a sex chromosome (X or Y).

Answer 7

Sex-Linked Alleles

Question 8

Can give rise to a variety of phenotypes because of gene interactions and interactions between genes and their environment.

Answer 8

Complex/Multifactoral Traits

Question 9

Organized profile of an organism’s chromosomes.
A way to characterize the chromosomes located in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. —> By number, relative size, shape, and appearance of chromosomes.

Answer 9

Karyotype

Question 10

The identical copies of each chromosome that the centromere joins.

Answer 10

Sister Chromatids

Question 11

The location where the sister chromatids are closest together.

Answer 11

Centromeres

Question 12

An image of chromosomes arranged by size (and other characteristics).
Image of chromosomes from a cell.

Answer 12

Karyogram

Question 13

An organism with the appropriate number of chromosomes for the species.

Answer 13

Euploid

Question 14

An organism with more or less than the appropriate number of chromosomes for the species.

Answer 14

Aneuploid

Question 15

To prevent significant impacts of having an “extra” chromosome, one of the X chromosomes is inactivated (in females).

Answer 15

X-Inactivation

Question 16

Inactive X-chromosome.

Answer 16

Barr Bodies

Question 17

Family tree.

Answer 17

Pedigree

Question 18

The 1st identified individual who exhibits an inherited disease or disorder.

Answer 18

Propositus

Question 19

If 1 or both alleles are mutated, the individual will exhibit the disorder.
Heterozygous individual with the disorder have a 50% chance of passing on the mutated allele.
Homozygous individual with the mutated allele will pass the mutated allele on to EVERY child.
No carriers for a dominant disorder. —> All individuals with a mutated allele will exhibit the disorder.

Answer 19

Autosomal Dominant Disorder

Question 20

Only indictable who exhibit the disorder have 1 or 2 copies of the recessive allele without a dominant allele to mask it.
ex. Sons inherit only 1 X chromosome (from their mothers) so if a mother exhibits this (indicating that both X chromosomes are affected) then 100% of her sons will inherit a mutated X chromosome and exhibit this because they don’t have another X chromosome to mask it.
Family members with only 1 copy of the recessive allele are said to be carriers.

Answer 20

Sex-Linked Recessive Disorder

Question 21

A family tree showing which members have the genes for a certain trait.

Answer 21

Pedigree

Question 22

Traits carried on a chromosome other than X or Y.

Answer 22

Autosomal Traits

Question 23

Traits that appear on the X or Y chromosome.

Answer 23

Sex-Linked Traits

Question 24

Trait that is on the X chromosome.
Shows up more often in males because if they inherit 1 X chromosome that has the trait, they are automatically affected while females are only affected if they inherit an X from each parent that carries the allele for the trait.

Answer 24

X-Linked Trait

Question 25

Genetic sequencing method used to determine the genetic sequences of long strands of DNA.
DNA is randomly broken up into many small fragments and each fragment is sequenced. Then, a computer program reassembles the DNA fragments. Bioinformatics develop ways to collect, organize, and interpret this data digitally.
Helpful in the diagnosis/management of infectious diseases, cancers, and many biological disorders.

Answer 25

Shotgun Sequencing

Question 26

The science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes.

Answer 26

Bioinformatics

Question 27

The rearrangement and exchange of genetic information from different sources.
*Essential for organisms because it helps create new genetic types, which form the basis of evolution

Answer 27

Genetic Recombination

Question 28

Choosing to breed organisms that will result in the offspring with desired characteristics.
Hybridization to make offspring that exemplify the best traits of each parent.

Answer 28

Selective Breeding

Question 29

Selective breeding that occurs when individuals with similar characteristics continue to be bred to keep a caretaking set of traits. —> This makes inbred organisms genetically similar and there’s a high probability that members of the population will receive mutated alleles that lead to disorders.

Answer 29

Inbreeding

Question 30

Have both their original DNA and the genes of other organisms.

Answer 30

Transgenic Organisms

Question 31

Scientists can use a single cell to produce new cells, tissues, or even full organisms.
The nucleus of an egg cell is removed and fused with a donor nucleus, and the resulting embryo can be implanted in the uterus of a surrogate mother.

Answer 31

Cloning