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Intro To Biology (for Vet Techs) > Cell Growth & Division > Flashcards

Cell Growth & Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Refers to both the process by which cells grown in size and the process by which cells reproduce to increase in number.
Depended upon both cell type and the tissue within which it exists.
Cell reproduction defers depending on whether the cell reproduces sexually or asexually.
Cell division allows organisms to repair and replace damaged cells and contributes to organism growth.

A

Cell Growth

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2
Q

Requires 2 parent organisms/cells.
Each parent contributes a gamete.
Offspring wont be genetically identical to the parent cells but can share some characteristics of each.

A

Sexual Reproduction

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3
Q

A type of sex cell, have 1/2 of the normal DNA found in a somatic cell (body cell).

A

Gamete

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4
Q

2 gametes combining.

A

Fertilization

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5
Q

The result of fertilization.

A

Zygote
Later develops into an embryo.

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6
Q

Only requires 1 parent cell.
Offspring will be genetically identical to the parent from which they arose.
Most common in bacteria, archaea, and protists.

A

Asexual Reproduction

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7
Q

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when a single parent cell doubles its existing DNA, replicates its internal structures, and divides into 2 cells.
Bacteria commonly reproduce in this way.

A

Binary Fission

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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when a small growth found on a parent organism splits off and continues growing on its own.
Yeast.

A

Budding

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9
Q

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when an existing organism breaks into 2+ fragments, which develop into new individuals.
Plant and marine animals (coral, sponges, sea stars).

A

Fragmentation

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10
Q

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell.
Fish, reptiles, and amphibians.

A

Parthenogenesis

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11
Q

Allows old or damaged cells to be replaced to measure that the organism can continue functioning properly.

A

Cell Division

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12
Q

The original cell that divides during cell division and will produce 2 daughter cells.

A

Parent Cell

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13
Q

A series of events that lead to the duplication of the DNA in the cells and the subsequent divisions of the DNA and the cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells.

A

Cell Cycle

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14
Q

Results in 2 cells that are genetically identical and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Growth/maintenance of organism systems.
Asexual reproduction.

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

Results in 4 genetically distinct cells that each have 1/2 the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Sexual reproduction.

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA.

A

Interphase (S)

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17
Q

A chromosome consists of 2 chromatids which are bound together in the middle making an X-shaped chromosome.

A

Sister Chromatids

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18
Q

Sister chromatids are bound together in the middle in this region, making an X shape.

A

Centromere

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19
Q

3 phases of interphase:

A

1 - G1 phase (first gap)
2 - S phase (synthesis of DNA)
3 - G2 phase (second gap)

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20
Q

Steps in the mitotic (M) phase:

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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21
Q

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA.

A

Interphase (S)

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22
Q

Step 1 in Interphase (S).
First gap.
When the cell accumulates the building blocks necessary to duplicate the chromosomes.

A

G1 Phase

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23
Q

Step 2 in Interphase (S).
Synthesis of DNA
When DNA replication proceeds and sister chromatids are created. —> These identical chromosomes are held together by the 2 centrosomes to make a mitotic bundle that facilitates chromosome movement.

A

S Phase

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24
Q

Step 3 (last step) in Interphase (S)
Second Gap
When the cell accumulates necessary materials for the movement of chromosomes , duplicated important organelles.

A

G2 Phase

25
Q

the Mitotic (M) phase.
Spindle fibers emerge and chromosomes condense (becoming visible).
Nucleolus disappears.
Nuclear envelope breaks down.

A

Prophase

26
Q

the Mitotic (M) phase.
The mitotic spindle is fully developed and chromosomes form at opposite poles of the cell.
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers.

A

Metaphase

27
Q

the Mitotic (M) phase.
Sister chromatids break down.
Chromosomes (formerly sister chromatids) move toward poles of the cell.
Cleavage furrow starts to appear.

A

Anaphase

28
Q

the final Mitotic (M) phase.
Chromosomes start to form a normal, jumbled arrangement.
Nuclear envelope surrounds chromosomes.
Mitotic spindle breaks down.
Almost finished dividing so beginning to reestablish the structures that were broken down initially.

A

Telophase

29
Q

The division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell to form 2 new cells.
Takes place during anaphase and telophase (finishes startle after telophase).

A

Cytokinesis

30
Q

A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes.

A

Diploid

31
Q

A cell with just a single set of chromosomes.

A

Haploid

32
Q

Results in halving the number of chromosomes present in the parent cell.
Interphase I, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.

A

Meiosis I

33
Q

Occurs before meiosis I.

A

Interphase I

34
Q

2 pairs of sister chromatids that align with each other.

A

Homologous Chromosomes

35
Q

Each pair of sister chromatids has a homologous (similar) counterpart. —> Homologous counter-arts line up next to each other along the full length of the chromatids… This tight pairing is called a:

A

Synapsis

36
Q

2 homologous chromosomes joined together.

A

Synapse

37
Q

Meiosis I
Sister chromatids are formed.
Synapse forms.
DNA crosses over during chiasma.
Recombinant DNA forms.

A

Prophase I

38
Q

Synapse undergoes a process in which they exchange genetic material by linking at specific points.

A

Crossing Over

39
Q

The point at which the chromosomes cross over.

A

Chiasma

40
Q

Unique combination of DNA caused by crossing over which allows chromosomes to mix genetic material and create a unique combination of genes and leading to increased genetic diversity.
Developed from DNA sections that have recombined to form unique DNA.

A

Recombinant DNA

41
Q

Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes arrange themselves at the metaphase plate. —> Source of genetic variation.
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

A

Metaphase I

42
Q

Meiosis I
Spindle fibers pull apart the homologous chromosome pairs.

A

Anaphase I

43
Q

Meiosis I
Nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes regain their jumbled arrangement.
A cleavage furrow forms.
2 haploid daughter cells form with 1 chromosome set.

A

Telophase I

44
Q

Generate 2 more haploid daughter cells from the duplicated sister chromatids present in the daughter cells of meiosis I.
Simpler than meiosis I. —> Essentially just the process of mitosis occurring in haploid cells instead of diploid cells.
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

A

Meiosis II

45
Q

Meiosis II
Chromosomes condense to reform the X-shapes.
The nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move to poles of the cell.
Spindle fibers emerge and attach to sister chromatids.

A

Prophase II

46
Q

Meiosis II
Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate.
Spindle fibers prepare to pull apart the sister chromatids.

A

Metaphase II

47
Q

Meiosis II
Sister chromatids are separated.
A cleavage furrow begins to form.

A

Anaphase II

48
Q

Meiosis II
Nuclear membrane reforms.
Chromosomes become more jumbled in arrangement.
A cleavage furrow forms and cytokinesis occurs.
4 haploid cells that are genetically distinct are produced with a single chromatid.

A

Telophase II

49
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints:

A

G1 Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
M Checkpoint (Spindle Checkpoint)

50
Q

Mechanism that cells use to minimize the risk of error during the cell cycle and propagated to future generations of cells.

A

Checkpoints

51
Q

The first checkpoint a cell must mast through.
Determines whether the cell is capable of dividing. —> Must be ready to divide before moving forward.
Once the cell passes through this checkpoint, it becomes irreversibly committed to dividing.

A

G1 Checkpoint

52
Q

The second checkpoint a cell must mast through.
The cell ensures that none of the DNA is damaged and that it all replicated properly during interphase. —> If the cell discovers a problem, the cell cycle will be halted to allow for repairs.

A

G2 Checkpoint

53
Q

Programmed cell death.

A

Apoptosis

54
Q

The last checkpoint a cell must mast through.
The cell assesses whether the spindle fibers are properly attached to the sister chromatids.

A

M Checkpoint
Spindle Checkpoint

55
Q

Contribute to the signals that determine whether the cell should proceed past a checkpoint.

A

Cell Cycle Regulators

56
Q

Cell cycle regulator.
Proteins that are constantly changing concentrations within the cell.
Each type is associated with a different phase or checkpoint within the cell cycle.

A

Cyclins

57
Q

Cell cycle regulator.
Depend on specific cyclins to function. —> After a cycle binds to a _________, it will signal that the cell is ready to move on to the next stage of the cell cycle.
Will bind ONLY if the cell is well supported and prepared for the next phase of the cell cycle.

A

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

58
Q

Occurs when cell division proceeds in an uncontrolled manner. —> Often because a cell cycle regulator is malfunctioning or a checkpoint is being ignored.

A

Cancer

Intro To Biology (for Vet Techs) (23 decks)

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