Cell Growth & Division

Question 1

Refers to both the process by which cells grown in size and the process by which cells reproduce to increase in number.
Depended upon both cell type and the tissue within which it exists.
Cell reproduction defers depending on whether the cell reproduces sexually or asexually.
Cell division allows organisms to repair and replace damaged cells and contributes to organism growth.

Answer 1

Cell Growth

Question 2

Requires 2 parent organisms/cells.
Each parent contributes a gamete.
Offspring wont be genetically identical to the parent cells but can share some characteristics of each.

Answer 2

Sexual Reproduction

Question 3

A type of sex cell, have 1/2 of the normal DNA found in a somatic cell (body cell).

Answer 3

Gamete

Question 4

2 gametes combining.

Answer 4

Fertilization

Question 5

The result of fertilization.

Answer 5

Zygote
Later develops into an embryo.

Question 6

Only requires 1 parent cell.
Offspring will be genetically identical to the parent from which they arose.
Most common in bacteria, archaea, and protists.

Answer 6

Asexual Reproduction

Question 7

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when a single parent cell doubles its existing DNA, replicates its internal structures, and divides into 2 cells.
Bacteria commonly reproduce in this way.

Answer 7

Binary Fission

Question 8

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when a small growth found on a parent organism splits off and continues growing on its own.
Yeast.

Answer 8

Budding

Question 9

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when an existing organism breaks into 2+ fragments, which develop into new individuals.
Plant and marine animals (coral, sponges, sea stars).

Answer 9

Fragmentation

Question 10

Asexual Reproduction.
Occurs when an embryo develops from an unfertilized cell.
Fish, reptiles, and amphibians.

Answer 10

Parthenogenesis

Question 11

Allows old or damaged cells to be replaced to measure that the organism can continue functioning properly.

Answer 11

Cell Division

Question 12

The original cell that divides during cell division and will produce 2 daughter cells.

Answer 12

Parent Cell

Question 13

A series of events that lead to the duplication of the DNA in the cells and the subsequent divisions of the DNA and the cytoplasm to produce 2 daughter cells.

Answer 13

Cell Cycle

Question 14

Results in 2 cells that are genetically identical and have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Growth/maintenance of organism systems.
Asexual reproduction.

Answer 14

Mitosis

Question 15

Results in 4 genetically distinct cells that each have 1/2 the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Sexual reproduction.

Answer 15

Meiosis

Question 16

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA.

Answer 16

Interphase (S)

Question 17

A chromosome consists of 2 chromatids which are bound together in the middle making an X-shaped chromosome.

Answer 17

Sister Chromatids

Question 18

Sister chromatids are bound together in the middle in this region, making an X shape.

Answer 18

Centromere

Question 19

3 phases of interphase:

Answer 19

1 - G1 phase (first gap)
2 - S phase (synthesis of DNA)
3 - G2 phase (second gap)

Question 20

Steps in the mitotic (M) phase:

Answer 20

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 21

The time when the cell isn’t dividing but may be growing and replicating DNA.

Answer 21

Interphase (S)

Question 22

Step 1 in Interphase (S).
First gap.
When the cell accumulates the building blocks necessary to duplicate the chromosomes.

Answer 22

G1 Phase

Question 23

Step 2 in Interphase (S).
Synthesis of DNA
When DNA replication proceeds and sister chromatids are created. —> These identical chromosomes are held together by the 2 centrosomes to make a mitotic bundle that facilitates chromosome movement.

Answer 23

S Phase

Question 24

Step 3 (last step) in Interphase (S)
Second Gap
When the cell accumulates necessary materials for the movement of chromosomes , duplicated important organelles.

Answer 24

G2 Phase

Question 25

the Mitotic (M) phase.
Spindle fibers emerge and chromosomes condense (becoming visible).
Nucleolus disappears.
Nuclear envelope breaks down.

Answer 25

Prophase

Question 26

the Mitotic (M) phase.
The mitotic spindle is fully developed and chromosomes form at opposite poles of the cell.
Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Sister chromatids attach to the spindle fibers.

Answer 26

Metaphase

Question 27

the Mitotic (M) phase.
Sister chromatids break down.
Chromosomes (formerly sister chromatids) move toward poles of the cell.
Cleavage furrow starts to appear.

Answer 27

Anaphase

Question 28

the final Mitotic (M) phase.
Chromosomes start to form a normal, jumbled arrangement.
Nuclear envelope surrounds chromosomes.
Mitotic spindle breaks down.
Almost finished dividing so beginning to reestablish the structures that were broken down initially.

Answer 28

Telophase

Question 29

The division of the cytoplasm of a parent cell to form 2 new cells.
Takes place during anaphase and telophase (finishes startle after telophase).

Answer 29

Cytokinesis

Question 30

A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes.

Answer 30

Diploid

Question 31

A cell with just a single set of chromosomes.

Answer 31

Haploid

Question 32

Results in halving the number of chromosomes present in the parent cell.
Interphase I, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I.

Answer 32

Meiosis I

Question 33

Occurs before meiosis I.

Answer 33

Interphase I

Question 34

2 pairs of sister chromatids that align with each other.

Answer 34

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 35

Each pair of sister chromatids has a homologous (similar) counterpart. —> Homologous counter-arts line up next to each other along the full length of the chromatids… This tight pairing is called a:

Answer 35

Synapsis

Question 36

2 homologous chromosomes joined together.

Answer 36

Synapse

Question 37

Meiosis I
Sister chromatids are formed.
Synapse forms.
DNA crosses over during chiasma.
Recombinant DNA forms.

Answer 37

Prophase I

Question 38

Synapse undergoes a process in which they exchange genetic material by linking at specific points.

Answer 38

Crossing Over

Question 39

The point at which the chromosomes cross over.

Answer 39

Chiasma

Question 40

Unique combination of DNA caused by crossing over which allows chromosomes to mix genetic material and create a unique combination of genes and leading to increased genetic diversity.
Developed from DNA sections that have recombined to form unique DNA.

Answer 40

Recombinant DNA

Question 41

Meiosis I
Homologous chromosomes arrange themselves at the metaphase plate. —> Source of genetic variation.
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

Answer 41

Metaphase I

Question 42

Meiosis I
Spindle fibers pull apart the homologous chromosome pairs.

Answer 42

Anaphase I

Question 43

Meiosis I
Nuclear membrane reforms and chromosomes regain their jumbled arrangement.
A cleavage furrow forms.
2 haploid daughter cells form with 1 chromosome set.

Answer 43

Telophase I

Question 44

Generate 2 more haploid daughter cells from the duplicated sister chromatids present in the daughter cells of meiosis I.
Simpler than meiosis I. —> Essentially just the process of mitosis occurring in haploid cells instead of diploid cells.
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

Answer 44

Meiosis II

Question 45

Meiosis II
Chromosomes condense to reform the X-shapes.
The nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move to poles of the cell.
Spindle fibers emerge and attach to sister chromatids.

Answer 45

Prophase II

Question 46

Meiosis II
Sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate.
Spindle fibers prepare to pull apart the sister chromatids.

Answer 46

Metaphase II

Question 47

Meiosis II
Sister chromatids are separated.
A cleavage furrow begins to form.

Answer 47

Anaphase II

Question 48

Meiosis II
Nuclear membrane reforms.
Chromosomes become more jumbled in arrangement.
A cleavage furrow forms and cytokinesis occurs.
4 haploid cells that are genetically distinct are produced with a single chromatid.

Answer 48

Telophase II

Question 49

Cell Cycle Checkpoints:

Answer 49

G1 Checkpoint
G2 Checkpoint
M Checkpoint (Spindle Checkpoint)

Question 50

Mechanism that cells use to minimize the risk of error during the cell cycle and propagated to future generations of cells.

Answer 50

Checkpoints

Question 51

The first checkpoint a cell must mast through.
Determines whether the cell is capable of dividing. —> Must be ready to divide before moving forward.
Once the cell passes through this checkpoint, it becomes irreversibly committed to dividing.

Answer 51

G1 Checkpoint

Question 52

The second checkpoint a cell must mast through.
The cell ensures that none of the DNA is damaged and that it all replicated properly during interphase. —> If the cell discovers a problem, the cell cycle will be halted to allow for repairs.

Answer 52

G2 Checkpoint

Question 53

Programmed cell death.

Answer 53

Apoptosis

Question 54

The last checkpoint a cell must mast through.
The cell assesses whether the spindle fibers are properly attached to the sister chromatids.

Answer 54

M Checkpoint
Spindle Checkpoint

Question 55

Contribute to the signals that determine whether the cell should proceed past a checkpoint.

Answer 55

Cell Cycle Regulators

Question 56

Cell cycle regulator.
Proteins that are constantly changing concentrations within the cell.
Each type is associated with a different phase or checkpoint within the cell cycle.

Answer 56

Cyclins

Question 57

Cell cycle regulator.
Depend on specific cyclins to function. —> After a cycle binds to a _________, it will signal that the cell is ready to move on to the next stage of the cell cycle.
Will bind ONLY if the cell is well supported and prepared for the next phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 57

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Question 58

Occurs when cell division proceeds in an uncontrolled manner. —> Often because a cell cycle regulator is malfunctioning or a checkpoint is being ignored.

Answer 58

Cancer