Plant Systems & Functions

Question 1

Anchors a plant in its substrate and absorbs water, ions, and other nutrients.

Answer 1

Root System

Question 2

Consists of leaves and stems.

Answer 2

Shoot System

Question 3

The main photosynthetic organs of a plant and sites of gas exchange.

Answer 3

Leaves

Question 4

Support the leaves and house vascular tissue to circulate water and nutrients.

Answer 4

Stems

Question 5

Undifferentiated (or incompletely differentiated) cells in a plant that can divide/develop into the specialized cells making up plant tissues.
Much like stem cells in animals.

Answer 5

Meristem Cells

Question 6

Type of meristem cell.
Can be found at the tips of roots/shoots and these cells continually divide to extend the plant’s body.

Answer 6

Apical Meristem

Question 7

Type of meristem cell.
Causes a plant to become thicker.

Answer 7

Lateral Meristem

Question 8

Type of meristem cell.
At the leaf base and nodes of monocots and allows the leaves to grow from the base.

Answer 8

Intercalary Meristem

Question 9

Isn’t actively dividing and contributing to plant growth.

Answer 9

Permanent Tissue

Question 10

3 main plant tissues:

Answer 10

Dermal Tissue
Ground Tissue
Vascular Tissue

Question 11

Lines the exterior surface of the plant.

Answer 11

Dermal Tissue

Question 12

Forms the various internal tissues responsible for photosynthesis, supports the plant, and stores nutrients.

Answer 12

Ground Tissue

Question 13

Transports water and other nutrients.

Answer 13

Vascular Tissue

Question 14

Primary component is the epidermis.
Creates a valuable protective covering for a plant.
Further specialized into guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs.

Answer 14

Dermal Tissue

Question 15

Specialized epidermis (dermal) tissue.
Surround stomata, opening and closing them to regulate airflow and limit water loss.

Answer 15

Guard Cells

Question 16

Type of meristem cell.
Cellular hair-like projections that cover the surface of a plant and are what make a plant “fuzzy”.
Protect leaves from intense light/UV rays, insulate tissues against changes in temperature, reduce water loss through stomata, and secrete chemical defenses (targeting herbivores).

Answer 16

Trichomes

Question 17

Type of meristem cell.
Hair-like extensions of epidermal cells that increase the surface area of the root so the plant can absorb a greater amount of water and nutrients.

Answer 17

Root Hairs

Question 18

Consist of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.
Store nutrients, perform photosynthesis, and secrete chemicals.
Produce strong fibers that provides support and protection.

Answer 18

Ground Tissue

Question 19

Role is to conduct water, nutrients, and other molecules throughout the plant’s body.
2 major types: xylem and phloem

Answer 19

Vascular Tissue

Question 20

2 major types of vascular tissue:

Answer 20

Xylem and Phloem

Question 21

Type of vascular tissue.
Conducts water, dissolved minerals, and inorganic molecules from the roots up to the rest of the plant.

Answer 21

Xylem

Question 22

Type of meristem cell.
Conducts the food products of photosynthesis (like sugars), as well as amino acids, hormones, and other molecules.

Answer 22

Phloem

Question 23

The process of water vapor diffusing from the plant into the environment.

Answer 23

Transpiration

Question 24

The movement of liquid through narrow spaces without the influence of an outside force because water molecules are cohesive (tending to stick to each other) and adhesive (sticking to certain surfaces).

Answer 24

Capillary Action

Question 25

Produce sugar, which is actively pumped into phloem using ATP.

Answer 25

Photosynthetic Mesophyll

Question 26

2 types of cells that carry out conduction in the phloem:

Answer 26

Sieve Tube Elemebts Compaction Cells

Question 27

*Carry out conduction in the phloem.* Long, cylindrical cells connected by porous plates.

Answer 27

Sieve Tube Elements

Question 28

*Carry out conduction in the phloem.* Provide energy to the sieve tube elements to support the active transport of the phloem components.

Answer 28

Companion Cells

Question 29

Absorb water and essential salts, minerals, ions, and other nutrients. Anchor a plant to its substrate.

Answer 29

Roots

Question 30

The central core of the **root** made of vascular tissue that’s separated from the ground tissue by a special endodermis.

Answer 30

Stele

Question 31

The endodermis is a layer of cells that produces a waxy barrier, which screens out toxins while allowing the passive of essential materials.

Answer 31

Casparian Strip

Question 32

Protects the apical meristem in the root. Produces a mucous-like lubricant that allow new growth to infiltrate deeper into the soil.

Answer 32

Root Cap

Question 33

Above-ground roots that arise from a part of the stem and help anchor heavy plants or plants that grow on vertical surfaces *(like ivy)*.

Answer 33

Adventitious Roots

Question 34

Thickened adventitious roots that grow low on the stem, bracing plants against strong winds or allowing plants to flourish in extremely wet habitats.

Answer 34

Prop Roots

Question 35

Plants receiving nutrients and water from air rather than soil.

Answer 35

Epiphytic Plants

Question 36

Obtain water from humidity in the air.

Answer 36

Aerial Roots

Question 37

The swollen taproots of plants that stockpile a substantial amount of carbohydrates. *Root vegetables include turnips, carrots, and radishes.*

Answer 37

Food Storage Roots

Question 38

Are a part of a plant’s shoot system, providing support and holding buds, leaves, and flowers. Play a role in transporting nutrients throughout a plant’s body.

Answer 38

Stems

Question 39

Lateral meristem that produces xylem and phloem.

Answer 39

Vascular Cambium

Question 40

New, functional xylem.

Answer 40

Sapwood

Question 41

Older xylem that no longer conducts water.

Answer 41

Heartwood

Question 42

Lies just under the epidermis in woody plants. A type of lateral meristem that produces cork tisssue.

Answer 42

Cork Cambium

Question 43

Some plants (like strawberries) produce long stems like grow along the ground.

Answer 43

Runners

Question 44

Shallow, horizontal networks of underground stems.

Answer 44

Rhizomes

Question 45

Main photosynthetic organs.

Answer 45

Leaves

Question 46

Make up a leaf’s internal tissue. Contains veins of vascular tissue, which are xylem and phloem wrapped inside a bundle sheath.

Answer 46

Mesophyll

Question 47

On the upper side of a leaf. Comprised of densely packed, columnar parenchymal cells with chloroplasts and is the primary site of photosynthesis.

Answer 47

Palisade Mesophyll

Question 48

Beneath palisade mesophyll. Layer is loosely packed. Aids in gas exchange.

Answer 48

Spongy Mesophyll

Question 49

Regulate the opening/closing of stomata. —> Changes in turgid pressure triggered by light, water availability, or carbon dioxide concentration cause the stomata to open/close. Contain chloroplasts.

Answer 49

Guard Cells