Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Process that converts energy stored in NADH and FADH2 into ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Breaks down sugar (glucose) to form ATP.
Cellular Respiration
Uses oxygen as a reactant to produce energy.
More efficient. —> Producing more ATP.
Aerobic Respiration
Turns fuel (glucose) into energy (ATP or other energy-carrying molecules) in the absence of oxygen.
Glucose is broken down to produce lactic acid or ethanol.
Less efficient.
Better known as fermentation.
Anaerobic Respiration
4 steps of aerobic cellular respiration:
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
- Electron Transport Chain
First stem of reactions in BOTH aerobic and anaerobic respiration. —> Doesn’t require oxygen.
Takes place in the cytoplasm.
Glucose converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate.
+2 ATP & +2 NADH
Glycolysis
Part of aerobic cellular respiration.
Pyruvate is transported out of the cytoplasm and into the mitochondria then transported from a 3-carbon molecule to a 2 carbon-molecule and bound to CoenzymeA. —> The product = acetyl CoA
The 3rd carbon from each pyruvate combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (released as a waste product).
+2 NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
Part of aerobic cellular respiration.
Takes place in the mitochondria.
An enzyme acts upon pyruvate, breaking off a carbon dioxide molecule and making acetyl CoA. —> In the process, 2 electrons are absorbed by NAD to make NADH and a hydrogen ion.
Acetyl CoA then goes through a series of reactions. —> At each step, a different enzyme acts upon the resulting organic group to break down the carbon bonds and to produce carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 at different points in the cycle.
Midway through the cycle, the CoA is released to regenerate the starting catalyst.
Per round: +1 ATP, +3 NADH, +1 FADH2 x2
Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Final step of aerobic cellular respiration.
Takes place in the mitochondria.
High-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH2 to generate more ATP. —> Majority of energy is produced during this stage.
Electrons release energy as they move down the chain.
ATP synthase facilitates the movement of hydrogen ions traveling from the intermemebrane space to the matrix. —> The movement of ions through ATP synthase provides energy for the formation of ATP from ADP and a free phosphate group. —> Electrons combine with oxygen (the final electron acceptor) to form water.
+34 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
No oxygen used.
Better known as fermentation.
Energy is extracted through glycolysis, but since it doesn’t use oxygen, glucose molecules don’t breakdown completely and therefore release less energy. —> Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell generating 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP molecules (However, pyruvate doesn’t continue through pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.) —> Electrons released from the partial breakdown of glucose are added directly to the pyruvate molecules to produce lactic acid.
+2 ATP
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
No oxygen used.
Otherwise known as anaerobic cellular respiration.
Energy is extracted through glycolysis, but since it doesn’t use oxygen, glucose molecules don’t breakdown completely and therefore release less energy. —> Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell generating 2 pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP molecules (However, pyruvate doesn’t continue through pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.) —> Electrons released from the partial breakdown of glucose are added directly to the pyruvate molecules to produce lactic acid.
+2 ATP
Fermentation
