DNA as the Genetic Material Flashcards

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1
Q

The 2 helical strands of DNA run parallel to each other, but go in opposite directions.

A

Antiparallel

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2
Q

Nitrogen base + the sugar =
without the phosphate group

A

Nucleosides

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3
Q

Nitrogenous base, sugar, and 1-3 phosphates =

A

Nucleotides

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4
Q

An array of nucleotides.

A

DNA

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5
Q

RNA base pairs:

A

A + U
C + G

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6
Q

DNA base pairs:

A

A + T
C + G

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7
Q

Process of copying DNA for proper cell division to occur.

A

Replication

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8
Q

Part of cell cycle.
Cell grows, carries out cell processes, and replicates its DNA.

A

Interphase

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9
Q

Part of cell cycle.
Cell undergoes cell division.

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

How DNA is copied to make DNA for new cells.

A

Replication

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11
Q

Enzyme that separates the DNA strands into a lagging strand and a leading strand.
Unzips the double helix.

A

Helicase

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12
Q

Easily replicated because it runs in the same direction as the original strand.
Replicated continuously.

A

Leading Strand

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13
Q

Important enzymes in DNA replication:

A

Helicase
DNA Polymerase
Primase
Ligase
Topoisomerase

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14
Q

Process of replication is described this way because each DNA molecule is made up of 1 old conserved strand of DNA and 1 newly synthesized strand.

A

Semi-Conservative

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15
Q

Adds the appropriate base pairs.

A

DNA Polymerase

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16
Q

Opposite in direction.
DNA polymerase can’t replicate as easily.

A

Lagging Strand

17
Q

On the lagging strand.
RNA primer attaches and the DNA polymerase adds small groups of base pairs.
What are these small groups of base pairs called?

A

Okazaki Fragments

18
Q

DNA sequence with altered nucleotides.
Can change the function of the DNA sequence or even render it unstable.

A

Mutation

19
Q

The parent DNA separates and a newly synthesized strand is added to each parent strand.
Each double helix of DNA created by replication contains 1 DNA strand from the parent and 1 newly synthesized DNA strand.

A

Semi-Conservative Replication

20
Q

Main steps in DNA replication:

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

21
Q

Runs 5’ to 3’.

A

Leading Strand

22
Q

Runs 3’ to 5’.
Antiparallel strand. Complementary to the leading strand.

A

Lagging Strand

23
Q

Helicase (enzyme) break down the hydrogen bonds between base pairs (“unzips”). —> 2 strands of DNA must be separated to use the DNA as a template for replication. —> DNA replication fork.
Topoisomerase (enzyme) surround the “unzipped” separated strands of DNA and relax the twisting of helices.
Parent DNA is separated into 2 strands: leading strand and lagging strand.
Primase (enzyme) builds short stretches of RNA called primers that are required to start elongation.

A

Initiation

24
Q

Enzyme breaks down the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
Separates strands to be used as a template.
“Unzips” DNA strand.

A

Helicase

25
Q

Enzyme that surrounds the “unzipped” separated strands of DNA and relax the twisting of helices.
Relaxes DNA and controls supercooling (occurs as DNA double helix is unwound).

A

Topoisomerase

26
Q

Helicase unzips the strands and the DNA develops a “forked” structure, which lets replication happen.

A

DNA Replication Fork

27
Q

Enzyme builds short stretches of RNA called primers that are required to start elongation.
Is the initializer.
Required to lay down short stretches of RNA nucleotides that are complementary to the DNA template before DNA nucleotides can be added to the template.

A

Primase

28
Q

Enzyme responsible for forming new copies of DNA.
Travels down the DNA strand. —> Works in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
Adds DNA nucleotides complementary to the template strand to form the new strand of DNA.

A

DNA Polymerase

29
Q

DNA polymerase travels down the DNA strand and adds new nucleotides to each of the 2 DNA strands (leading strand and lagging strand).

A

Elongation

30
Q

DNA oriented in 5’ to 3’ direction.
DNA polymerase adds the new nucleotides to the RNA primer and then to the newly synthesized DNA strand in a continuous fashion.

A

Leading Strand

31
Q

Antiparallel and runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction. —> DNA polymerase MUST work in the 5’ to 3’ direction. —> This leads to the creation of short, discontinuous fragments called Okazaki fragments.

A

Lagging Strand

32
Q

Short, discontinuous fragments on the lagging strand.

A

Okazaki Fragments

33
Q

Helps glue the Okazaki fragments together to form a complete DNA molecule.
Joins Okazaki fragments together to create a continuous DNA strand.

A

Ligase

34
Q

Prokaryotic chromosome first replicates, then 2 copies of the chromosome associate with different part of the cell membrane, the the cell pulls apart into 2 identical cells.
Asexual reproduction.

A

Binary Fission

35
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA:

A

RNA is a single helix, DNA is a double helix.
RNA has uracil (U), DNA has thymine (T).
RNA has the sugar ribose, DNA has the sugar deoxyribose.
RNA has fewer base pairs than DNA.