Darwin’s Theory Of Natural Selection Flashcards

1
Q

Remains of once-living species often preserved in sedimentary rock.

A

Fossils

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2
Q

Interpreted the Bible literally.
Calculated the world was created in 4004 BC.

A

Irish Archbishop Jame Ussher

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3
Q

Calculated earth must be at least 75,000 years old.
Speculated humans and apes could be related to each other and that species could change over time.

A

George Lewish Leclerc

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4
Q

Charles Darwin’s grandfather.
All life had common ancestor.
Discussed forms of selection.

A

Erasmus Darwin

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5
Q

Advocate of transformationalism. —> Specifically inheritance of acquired characteristic traits.
First to publicly state view of evolution and to propose mechanism for how evolution takes place.
Organism strives to adapt itself to its environment, acquiring traits that can be passed on to its offspring.

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamark

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6
Q

The use or disuse of a body part results in heritable change.

A

Transformationalism

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7
Q

Geologist. Suggested that Earth was powered by an interior source of heat.
Introduced ideas of uniformitarianism.

A

James Hutton

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8
Q

The laws of physics and chemistry don’t change over time (CONSTANT).
Past geological events are driven by processes analogous to those that continue to occur today.

A

Uniformitarianism

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9
Q

Geologist. Built on Hutton’s work.
Darwin read his work and influenced his understand that Earth must be very old and geologic change happens slowly and steadily over time.

A

Charles Lyell

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10
Q

Human populations increase at an exponential rate before eventually exceeding the capacity of their environment.
2 types of mechanisms to maintain populations at a size that could be supported by limited resources in their environment: increasing death rate (positive checks) or decreasing birth rate (preventative checks).

A

Thomas Robert Malthus

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11
Q

A breeding group of individuals of the same species living in a common area.

A

Population

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12
Q

Explains the principles of natural phenomena using a body of inter connected observations.

A

Scientific Theory

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13
Q

Major types of variation among species:
(species can be distinct)

A

Global Differences
Local Differences
Temporal Differences

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14
Q

Look very different in one part of the world (continents isolated from other continents or islands far from the mainland).
Because of climate or isolation.

A

Global Differences

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15
Q

Species vary across geographic areas.
Organisms looked similar had variations that depended on their ecological niches.
Because of ecological niche.

A

Local Differences

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16
Q

Species change over time, which causes differences amount member of the same species.
Because of changes over time.

A

Temporal Differences

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17
Q

5 major theories of Darwinian evolution:

A

Perpetual Change
Common Descent
Multiplication of Species
Gradualism
Natural Selection

18
Q

Theory of Darwinian evolution:
The living world is constantly changing. —> The fossil record documents the long history of living organisms.

A

Perpetual Change

19
Q

Theory of Darwinian evolution:
All life originated from a shared ancestor. —> Supported by comparative anatomy, developmental biology, embryology, and molecular biology.

A

Common Descent

20
Q

Theory of Darwinian evolution:
New species evolve by existing species splitting and transforming.

A

Multiplication of Species

21
Q

Theory of Darwinian evolution:
Many small, steady changes produce notable trait differences over a long period of time.

A

Gradualism

22
Q

Theory of Darwinian evolution:
Natural forces favor new adaptations. —> Individuals in a population are in a continuous strudels to survive because of limited natural resources.

A

Natural Selection

23
Q

Traits that give an organism an advantage for living in a particular environment.

A

Adaptations

24
Q

The “fittest” individuals have the greatest reproductive success.

A

Survival of the Fittest

25
Q

The ability of an individual to pass along genes to the next generation.

A

Fitness
(Reproductive Fitness)

26
Q

Evidence of Evolution:

A

-Fossils
-Comparative Anatomy
-Biogeography

27
Q

Physical features that share form and/or function as a result of common ancestry. —> Can demonstrate modifications over time. Anatomically similar.
ex. giraffe’s 7 cervical vertebrae and mouse’s 7 cervical vertebrae

A

Homologous Structures

28
Q

Homologous Structures
Physical features that remain in a species BUT have no current function. —> These species inherit their structures from common ancestors, demonstrating their evolutionary history.
ex. birds with wing structures but don’t fly (Ostriches).
ex. human tailbone and wisdom teeth

A

Vestigial Structures

29
Q

Serves a related function but aren’t constructed in the same way.
ex. wings of birds and bats —> These wings didn’t arise from a common ancestor… Allow them to fly BUT anatomical structures different.
ex. flippers of dolphin and fins of shark

A

Analogous Structures

30
Q

Explains the distribution of organisms through the world and abiotic (non-living) factors that induce their distribution.

A

Biogeography

31
Q

Native and restricted to a specific area.
Isolated species have evolved to be quite different from their relatives on the mainland (islands vs. mainland).

A

Endemic Species

32
Q

Examines individual development.

A

Developmental Biology

33
Q

Looks at inheritance and variation.

A

Genetics

34
Q

Proves evolutionary changes through shared DNA sequences and cellular components.

A

Molecular Biology

35
Q

Produces organisms with desirable traits (which show the heritability of traits).

A

Artificial Selection

36
Q

The development of an individual over the course of its life.

A

Ontogeny

37
Q

How a species or population evolves over time.

A

Phylogeny

38
Q

Studies the early embryonic stages of development.

A

Embryology

39
Q

Different versions of the same gene.

A

Alleles

40
Q

Defined evolution as changes in allele frequencies within populations and identified several forces of evolution that influence changes in allele frequency.
Combination of modern genetics and Darwinian evolution and was the strongest evidence yet supporting Darwin’s ideas.

A

Modern Synthesis