Biological Chemistry

Question 1

Disaccharide formed by dehydration reaction of glucose + fructose.
More commonly known as table sugar.

Answer 1

Sucrose

Question 2

Disaccharide formed by dehydration reaction of glucose + galactose.

Answer 2

Lactose

Question 3

Subset of organic chemistry that involves enormous macromolecules and it happens in the aqueous environment of the cell.

Answer 3

Biological Chemistry

Question 4

The study of the chemical reactions and pathways of living cells and organisms.
Seeks to understand biological macromolecules.

Answer 4

Biochemistry

Question 5

Extremely large molecules that can be composed of thousands of atoms.

Answer 5

Macromolecules

Question 6

4 central organic (carbon-containing) molecules:
4 main types of macromolecules relevant to biological chemistry:

Answer 6

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids

Question 7

Control structure/function of cells.
Polymers composed of amino acids. —> Made of different amino acid combinations linked together.

Answer 7

Proteins

Question 8

A larger substance that’s made of simple substances (monomers).

Answer 8

Polymer

Question 9

A molecule with a central carbon that binds to a hydrogen atoms, 2 functional groups (an amino group and a carboxyl group), and a variable side chain (R-group).
Building blocks of proteins.
The unique chemical properties associated with each of the 20 _____ ______ is due to the R-group.

Answer 9

Amino Acid

Question 10

Short chain of amino acids.

Answer 10

Peptide

Question 11

When many amino acids are joined.
Longer chains of amino acids.

Answer 11

Polypeptide Chain

Question 12

Formed when several (very large) polypeptides are folded together into a specific shape.

Answer 12

Protein

Question 13

Amino acids that can’t be synthesized by the human body.

Answer 13

Essential Amino Acids

Question 14

Reaction that involves giving up a water molecule.
Catalyzed by an enzyme called peptidyl transferase.

Answer 14

Dehydration Reaction

Question 15

Each amino acid in a peptide/polypeptide created by a dehydration reaction for the formation of peptide bonds is called…
Because it’s what remains after the water molecule has been removed.

Answer 15

Residue

Question 16

Biological catalyst.

Answer 16

Enzyme

Question 17

Speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Answer 17

Catalyst

Question 18

Critical roles of protein related to structure and function of cells:

Answer 18

Catalysts
Provide Structural Support
Transport/Communication
Hormones
Immune Response

Question 19

Building blocks of proteins.

Answer 19

Amino Acids

Question 20

Structure of Protein:
The connection of amino acid residues to form polypeptide chains.
Amino acid sequence.

Answer 20

Primary Structure

Question 21

Structure of Protein:
Refers to the folded regions that occur when amino acids are combined due to interactions between atoms making up the amino acid back bone (due to Hydrogen bonds).
How hydrogen bonding between amino acids in protein form local structures.
Include alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets.

Answer 21

Secondary Structure

Question 22

Secondary structure of proteins.
Occurs when a peptide chain coils into a helix and hydrogen bonds form between coils.
Looks like a curled ribbon or spiral shape.
Side chains are outside of the helix.

Answer 22

α-helix
(alpha-helix)

Question 23

Secondary structure of proteins.
Have hydrogen bonding between animo hydrogens and carbonyl oxygens.
Portions of the polypeptide chain can turn back on itself like an accordion.

Answer 23

β-pleated sheets
(Beta-pleated sheets)

Question 24

Structure of Protein:
3-D shape (how it exists in three dimensions).

Answer 24

Tertiary Structure

Question 25

Structure of Protein:
How multiple polypeptide chains interact with each other to form a functional protein.

Answer 25

Quaternary Structure

Question 26

The process of a protein unfolding from its natural structure.

Answer 26

Denaturation

Question 27

Sugars made by plants through photosynthesis.
Most abundant and naturally occurring organic compounds.

Answer 27

Carbohydrates

Question 28

The simplest form of carbohydrates.
1 sugar that can’t be broke down into simpler sugars.
Contain 5-6 carbon atoms, alcohol groups, and carbonyl group (C=O).

Answer 28

Monosaccharide

Question 29

Made up of 2 sugar molecules.

Answer 29

Disaccharide

Question 30

A series of reactions in which carbon dioxide & water are converted to glucose & oxygen.

Answer 30

Photosynthesis

Question 31

Polymers of biological molecules.

Answer 31

Biopolymers

Question 32

Many glucose (or other monosaccharide molecules) linked together.
Types of biopolymers.

Answer 32

Polysaccharides

Question 33

Polysaccharides found in muscles and liver of animals that store energy.

Answer 33

Glycogen

Question 34

Polysaccharides found in plants.
Insoluble and more rigid.
Indigestible, known as dietary fiber. —> Collects unwanted residue as it passes through the digestive tract.

Answer 34

Cellulose

Question 35

Polysaccharides found in plants that store energy.
Water-soluble.

Answer 35

Starch

Question 36

Nonpolar, water-insoluble molecules.
4 major groups: fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

Answer 36

Lipids

Question 37

Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Answer 37

Simple Lipids

Question 38

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and additional elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur.

Answer 38

Complex Lipids

Question 39

Simple lipids that have long chains of carbon atoms bonded only to hydrogen with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end.

Answer 39

Fatty Acids

Question 40

Fatty acids with long chain alcohols (many carbons with an -OH attached at the end).

Answer 40

Waxes

Question 41

Fatty acids with glycerol.
Glycerol is a triol —> A hydrocarbon with 3 alcohol functional groups (3 -OH groups).

Answer 41

Triglycerides

Question 42

A hydrocarbon with 3 alcohol functional groups (3 -OH groups).

Answer 42

Triol

Question 43

Contain at least 1 carbon double bond.
Fish, avocados, tree nuts.

Answer 43

Unsaturated Fats

Question 44

Without any carbon chain double bonds. —> “Saturated” with hydrogen atoms.
Most animal fats. —> Such as red meat.

Answer 44

Saturated Fats

Question 45

Similar to fatty acids but have a phosphate group at the end.
Important building blocks of the cell membrane.
Vital to cell membranes of eukaryotic cells.

Answer 45

Phospholipids

Question 46

Simple lipids that serve as important components of cell membranes for membrane fluidity and as a signal molecule.

Answer 46

Steroids
Hormones

Question 47

Building blocks of genetic code.
Composed of nucleotides.
RNA & DNA.

Answer 47

Nucleic Acids

Question 48

A 5-carbon sugar (ribose) + a phosphate group + a nitrogenous base

Answer 48

Nucleotides

Question 49

4 nitrogenous bases of RNA:

Answer 49

Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

Question 50

4 nitrogenous bases of DNA:

Answer 50

Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)