Synthesis of amines and amides

Question 1

How to make primary aliphatic amines?

Answer 1

Ammonia + haloalkane
Reduction of a nitrile

Question 2

Ammonia + haloalkane reaction mechanism

Answer 2

Nucleophilic substitution

Question 3

Conditions for ammonia + haloalkane

Answer 3

Ethanolic ammonia in excess
Heated in a sealed tube

Question 4

Why must ammonia be in excess in ammonia + haloalkane?

Answer 4

So all haloalkane can react with ammonia to form primary amine
so amine cant act as base and substitute halogen from left over haloalkane to form secondary, tertiary amines

Question 5

Reduction of a nitrile reagent

Answer 5

4 LiAlH4 per nitrile in dry ether

Question 6

How to make aromatic amines?

Answer 6

Reduction of nitrobenzene

Question 7

How do we obtain nitrobenzene?

Answer 7

Nitration of benzene with NO2+ electrophile (electrophilic substitution) and conc H2SO4 catalyst

Question 8

Nitration of benzene reaction conditions

Answer 8

Heated to 50-60 degrees C
Conc H2SO4 catalyst
Reagent: nitric acid

Question 9

reduction of nitrobenzene conditions

Answer 9

Tin Reducing agent
Reflux
Conc HCl

Question 10

Products of reduction of nitrobenzene

Answer 10

primary amine with benzene ring substituting a hydrogen