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Physiology > Synapses > Flashcards

Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical Synapses involve…

A 
neurotransmitters (NT) 
that are released from 
the presynaptic cell and 
bind receptors to excite, 
inhibit, or modify post-
synaptic cell.
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2
Q

how many NT have been identified

A

> 100

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3
Q

chemical synapse conduction

A

one way conduction

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4
Q

what determines function?

A

the receptor, not the NT

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5
Q

The — receptor subtypes are the largest known neurotransmitter-receptor family (– total receptor types).

A

serotonin

14

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6
Q

Three Morphological Types of Chemical Synapses

A

axosomatic
axodendritic
axoaxonal

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7
Q

Axosomatic synapses terminate on

A

neuronal cell bodies

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8
Q

Axosomatic synapses tend to be

A

inhibitory

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9
Q

axodendritic synapses terminate on

A

dendrites or dendritic spines

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10
Q

axodendritic synapses tend to be

A

excitatory

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11
Q

axoaxonal synapses terminate on

A

an axon, often close to synaptic terminals

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12
Q

axoaxonal synapses modulate

A

the release of NT

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13
Q

Presynaptic Events (4)

A
  1. AP arrival at the synaptic terminal causes membrane depolarization
  2. Voltage Gated Ca2+ channels open
  3. Ca2+ enters the synaptic terminal
  4. Exocytosis of vesicles filled with NT
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14
Q

The amount of Ca2+ that enters dictates

A

the amount of NT released

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15
Q

Synaptic delay of at least — between the pre-synaptic depolarization and post-synaptic response

A

0.5ms

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16
Q

synaptic delay is due to (4)

A

time for calcium entry for exocytosis,
presynaptic neurotransmitter release,
diffusion in the synaptic cleft,
and postsynaptic receptor activation.

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17
Q

Allows one to gauge the complexity of a reflex pathway (number of synapses) by looking at the

A

speed of the reflex

18
Q

Small molecules, rapidly-acting (3)

A

– Elicit acute responses.
– Final processing occurs in the axon terminal. Vesicles
are docked & ready for release from presynaptic terminal
– Ex: Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Glycine, GABA, Glutamate, Nitric Oxide (NO).

19
Q

Neuropeptides; larger molecules, slower (4)

A

– Effects are slower, more potent, & more prolonged.
– Produced in the cell body and transported down the
axon via axonal streaming.
– Fewer neuropeptides produced and released
– Ex: LH, ACTH, GH, vasopressin, oxytocin, angiotensin
II, substance P

20
Q

NT action is terminated by: (3)

A
  • Re-uptake by the pre-synaptic membrane
  • Absorption by glial cells
  • Inactivation by enzymes in the synapse
21
Q

NT binds to receptor on

A

post-synaptic cell

22
Q

Ionotropic Receptors:

A

directly affect ion channels

23
Q

Binding of the ligand and the opening or closing the channel can: (4)

A
  1. Change a cell’s membrane potential
  2. Stimulate muscle contraction and/or relaxation
  3. Stimulate secretion
  4. Act as a second messenger to alter cellular activity
24
Q

Metabotropic Receptors:

A

G-protein coupled receptors

GPCR

25
Q

Nernst Potentials
Na+ =
Cl- =
K+ =

A 
Na+ = +61 mV
Cl- = -69 mV
K+ =  -86 mV
26
Q

EPSPs due to (2)

A
  • Opening Na+ channels

* Closing K+ and/or Cl- channels

27
Q

IPSPs due to (2)

A
  • Opening Cl- channels

* Increased K+ conductance

28
Q

It is the — that determines the response produced

A

specific receptor, not the NT,

29
Q

The 5-HT3 receptor

A

ligand-gated ion channel (Na+ and K+) that is proposed to be structurally
similar to the nicotinic
cholinergic receptor. The only 5-HT receptor that is not a GPCR.

30
Q

5HT1A,B response (2)

A

increase K+ conductance
hyper polarization
(produce IPSPs)

31
Q

5HT2A/5HT2C response

A

decrease K+ conductance due to channel closing (produce EPSP)

32
Q

5HT3 response (2)

A

gating of Na+, K+ due to channel opening \fast depolarization
(produce EPSP)

33
Q

5HT4 response (2)

A

decrease K+ conductance due to channel closing
slow depolarization
(produce EPSP)

34
Q

Discharge of one pre-synaptic neuron cannot

A 
reach threshold (+20 mV more positive than 
rest)
35
Q

The diameter of the soma is large causing almost no resistance to electric current flow through the soma, which allows for — to occur

A

summation

36
Q

— is almost always necessary to produce an AP

A

Summation

37
Q

two types of summation

A

spatial

temporal

38
Q

postsynaptic potentials last up to

A

15 ms

39
Q

SPATIAL summaiton

A

Simultaneous EPSPs or IPSPs from multiple pre-synaptic neurons
(ex. Neuron 1 and Neuron 2).
Added in SPACE.

40
Q

TEMPORAL summaiton

A

Successive EPSPs or IPSPs from a single presynaptic nerve terminal (ex. Neuron 1).
Added in TIME.

Physiology (53 decks)

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