Renal 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Constant (2)
of body fluid compartments are essential
for homeostasis:

A

volume and stable composition

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2
Q

Constant volume and stable composition
of body fluid compartments are essential
for homeostasis:
“A frequent problem in treating seriously
ill patients is…

A

maintaining adequate fluids
in one or both of the intracellular and
extracellular compartments.”

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3
Q

Water in =

A

Water out

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4
Q

Electrolytes in =

A

Electrolytes out

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5
Q

pH =

A

7.4

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6
Q

Fluid distribution in the body influences — concentrations

A

electrolyte

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7
Q

Electrolyte concentrations influence

A

fluid distribution in the body.

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8
Q

Na+

–Imbalance changes

A

vascular and total body

volumes

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9
Q

K+

–Imbalance alters

A

cardiac and neural functions

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10
Q

Ca++

–Imbalance alters (3)

A
skeletal muscle, cardiac, neural 
function and bone structure
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11
Q

H+ (mainly from metabolism)

–Imbalance alters

A

multiple systems

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12
Q

Total body water

volume is

A

42L,
~60% body
weight (kg)

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13
Q

Plasma & Interstitial fluid mix rapidly (except proteins): (2)

A
  • Hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressure via capillary pores is
    main force.
  • Bulk flow
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14
Q

Fluid distribution between ICF & ECF determined by osmotic effect
of small solutes acting across cell membrane: (2)

A
  • Na+ and Cl- (other anions) ≈ 90% of total ECF osmolarity

- K+ and other ions ≈ 90% of total ICF osmolarity.

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15
Q

Cell membrane: (2)

A
  • high permeability to H2O;
  • relative impermeability to small solutes (Na+, Cl- & other
    electrolytes) .
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16
Q

Cell volume is at the

mercy of

A

ECF tonicity

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17
Q

ECF (2) Constantly

Challenged

A

Osmolarity and

Volume

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18
Q

Daily life (2)

A

Eat and drink

Do not eat and drink

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19
Q

skipped

Conditions/Illnesses (4)

A
Vomiting, diarrhea
Burns and other causes of 
skin loss
Heat-induced sweating
Renal disease
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20
Q

Composition and volume of ECF change determines

A

composition and volume of fluid replacement

21
Q

The kidneys regulate body
fluid volume and composition
by controlling (2)

A

ECF volume and

composition.

22
Q

Edema

A

• Too much water in

tissues.

23
Q

— edema
much more common
than —.

A

Extracellular

intracellular

24
Q

Intracellular Edema

Causes: (3)

A
  1. Hyponatremia.
  2. Decreased metabolism (blood flow): Na+/K+
    pump failure.
  3. Inflammation (infection, burns) – increased
    membrane permeability and leakage.
25
--- is the most important cation in the body
Na
26
Na salts make ip >---% of osmotically active solute in the ECF
90
27
Na (and hence ECF volume) is highly
regulated
28
too little ECF leads to (3)
volume contraction, hypotension and organ hypoperfusion
29
too much ECF leads to (4)
edema, ascites, pleural effusions, hypertension
30
Hyponatremia (3)
 [Na+]ECF is below normal (<142 mOsm/L)  Na+ input < Na+ output  H2O input > H2O output
31
``` Hyponatremia types (3) ```
1. Hyponatremia-dehydration 2. Hyponatremia-overhydration 3. Hyponatremia–low solute intake
32
Most common electrolyte disorder in clinical practice May account for ---% of hospitalized patients.
Hyponatremia 20-25
33
1. Hyponatremia-dehydration (2)
- Increased NaCl loss - Vomiting, diarrhea; renal disease, diuretics; Addison’s disease (aldosterone deficiency).
34
2. Hyponatremia-overhydration (2)
- Excess H2O retention | - Inappropriate ADH secretion, H2O Toxicity
35
3. Hyponatremia–low solute intake (2)
- Decreased NaCl intake | - Extreme diets
36
Chronic Hyponatremia (5)
```  Gradual decrease in [Na+]ECF  This stimulates transport of Na+, K+, and organic solutes out of the cells  This causes water diffusion out of the cells  With chronic hyponatremia, the brain swelling is attenuated by the transport of solutes from the cells.  Must correct [Na+]ECF slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination ```
37
Acute hyponatremia (4)
 Rapid decrease in [Na+]ECF  Caused by loss of Na+ or excess H2O  H2O into the cells  Swelling of the brain tissue.
38
Increased interstitial fluid volume (swelling) caused | by: (2)
Increased capillary filtration (most common; congestive heart failure) Failure of lymphatics to return interstitial fluid to circulation (lymphedema)
39
Kf α
(SA)(Membrane Permeability)
40
Filtration Rate =
Kf ((Pc + Piif) – (Pif + Pic ))
41
Common Causes of Extracellular Edema (3)
Capillary permeability Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Decreased capillary colloid osmotic pressure
42
Capillary permeability (3)
–Inflammation (infection, immune reactions) –Burns –Ischemia
43
Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (2)
–Heart failure (generalized vs left heart failure) | –Renal disease
44
Decreased capillary colloid osmotic pressure (2)
–Renal loss (nephrotic syndrome) | –Liver disease
45
“Potential spaces” – (4)
pleural, pericardial, | peritoneal, synovial cavities.
46
Lining membranes are highly ---.
permeable
47
Lymphatic drainage important for
clearing fluid | and proteins.
48
Ascites is an example of “---.”
effusion