CV 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Total Blood Volume
men
women
body weight
A
≈5 L in men,
≈4 L in women.
≈7% Body Weight (kg)
2
Q
Blood Components (2)
A
- Cellular (Formed) Elements
2. Plasma
3
Q
- Cellular (Formed) Elements (2)
A
Blood Cells
≈45% of whole blood
4
Q
- Plasma (2)
A
H20 + Dissolved Substances
≈55% of of Whole Blood
5
Q
Functions of blood (5)
A
Supplies nutrients and O2
Removes waste products and CO2.
Carries regulatory factors (hormones).
Defends against infection (immune function).
Hemostasis (keeping blood in blood vessels)
6
Q
Plasma Contains (3)
A
92% H2O
7% Protein = Plasma Proteins
1% Dissolved substances
7
Q
1% Dissolved substances (5)
A
Organic Molecules Ions Trace Elements Vitamins Dissolved Gasses
8
Q
Plasma Proteins
Made by
A
liver
9
Q
Plasma Proteins types (4)
A
- Albumins (main determinant ΠC)
- Globulins (Antibodies)
- Fibrinogen (Clotting Proteins)
- Others
10
Q
Functions of Plasma Proteins (6)
A
Maintain ΠC Transport Proteins for lipids (steroids) Hormones Extracellular Enzymes Immunity Blood Clotting
11
Q
Serum =
A
plasma – clotting proteins
12
Q
Erythrocytes (RBC) –
A
Transport O2 and CO2
13
Q
Leukocytes (WBC) –
A
Body Defense
14
Q
Thrombocytes (Platelets) -
A
Hemostasis
15
Q
Hematocrit
A
Percentage of total blood
volume occupied by blood
cells (RBCs)
16
Q
1⁰ determinant of blood
viscosity
A
hemocrit
17
Q
Normal hemocrit
– Women
– Men
A
38-46%
42-54%
18
Q
An increase in hematocrit
will __ resistance and __
flow rate; it will also __ the
risk of turbulent flow.
A
increase
decrease
decrease
19
Q
Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis (2)
A
Blood Cell production
Red Bone Marrow (Spongy bone)
20
Q
All formed elements
(myeloid and
lymphoid) produced
from a common
A
“Pluripotent
Hematopoietic Stem
Cell”
21
Q
Production of specific blood components dependent on which control factors are present: 1. Erythrocytes – 2. Leukocytes – 3. Thrombocytes -
A
- Erythrocytes – Erythropoietin
- Leukocytes – CSFs and ILs
(complex process) - Thrombocytes -
Thrombopoietin
22
Q
Most Abundant Blood Cell
A
erythrocytes (5x106/μl whole blood)
23
Q
Hematocrit =
A
%RBC in whole blood
40-54% Males
37-47% Females
24
Q
RBC Function:
A
Transport O2 and CO2 between tissues and
lungs
25
RBC Cell Anatomy (4)
Biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane.
No nucleus or organelles (including no mitochondria)
No DNA
No Centrioles
26
Biconcave disk in shape with a flexible membrane. (2)
Creates Large surface area which favors simple diffusion.
| Easily slip through Capillaries
27
Enzymes (2)
Glycolytic enzymes (glycolysis)
| Carbonic anhydrase
28
Hemoglobin (2)
≈2x108/RBC
| Binds oxygen and carbon dioxide
29
RBC lifespan
Short life span (about 120
| days): ~1% lost/day.
30
RBC are rynthesized in red bone
| marrow by the process called
erythropoiesis
31
RBC are filtered by the (2)
spleen
| liver
32
Erythropoietin (kidney
| hormone) triggers
differentiation of stem cells to
| erythrocytes.
33
Reticulocytes (5)
```
Young Erythrocytes
Contain some ribosomes
Lose after 1 day
1% Circulating RBC
Levels increase during periods of rapid RBC production
```
34
Erythrocyte Production Requires: (3)
Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12
35
Iron (4)
Component of hemoglobin (heme portion)
Normal hemoglobin content of blood
- Men: 13–18 gram / dL
- Women: 12–16 gram / dL
36
Folic acid (1)
Necessary for DNA replication, and therefore cell division
37
Vitamin B12 (2)
Necessary for DNA replication, and therefore cell division
| Pernicious Anemia
38
Life Cycle of RBC
120 days
39
Normally RBC Production =
RBC
| Destruction
40
(2) removes old erythrocytes
Spleen and Liver
41
Iron is
recycled
42
Liver metabolizes
Hb (Bile pigments – Bilirubin/Biliverdin)
43
Bile Pigments secreted along with bile into ---. Lost from body via ---
small intestine
| feces
44
Iron deficiency
Hb deficiency
45
Hemochromatosis (2)
```
Too much iron
Damages
Liver,
Heart,
Pituitary Gland,
Pancreas and
Joints
```
46
secreted along with bile in Small Intestine (2)
Bilirubin/Biliverdin
47
Patients with chronic renal failure have too little
| erythropoietin and require administration of
synthetic forms to maintain normal RBC counts.
48
Athletes who abuse this synthetic form (to increase
| stamina) can die from
polycythemia
(increased [RBC]) which increases viscosity of blood increase R, decrease Blood Flow (F=ΔP/R) and results in clotting, stroke and heart failure.
49
Testosterone also enhances RBC production by
ncreasing EPO production (hence men have higher
| hematocrit than women).
50
Anemia
Decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood: ↓# RBC and/or
↓[hemoglobin].
51
Dietary anemia (2)
– Iron: iron-deficiency anemia
| – Vitamin B12: pernicious anemia
52
Hemorrhagic anemia (1)
– Bleeding
53
Hemolytic anemia (2)
– Malaria
| – Sickle cell anemia
54
Aplastic anemia (1)
– Bone marrow defect
55
Renal anemia (1)
– Kidney disease
56
Polycythemia
| Hct >
60%
57
Polycythemia vera (3)
– Genetic condition
– Over produce RBCs
– At risk for clotting
58
Secondary polycythemia (2)
– Due to hypoxia/ high altitude
| – Heart failure
59
RBCs express numerous membrane
| glycoproteins and glycolipids that serve as
antigens
60
Antigens (also called agglutinogens) are
| proteins capable of inducing an
immune
| response
61
Most antigens on RBC are
relatively weak
62
Blood Typing is based on 3 antigens found on the RBC membrane:
A, & B and Rh (D)
63
Presence or absence of A and B antigens determines
A, B, AB, or O blood type (Incomplete dominance)
64
Presence of absence of Rh antigen determines whether
Rh-positive or Rh-negative (Mendelian genetics)
65
Unlike most immune reactions,
a person already has
antibodies/agglutinins (IgMs) to
the
A/B antigens not on their
| RBCs
66
```
Unlike most immune reactions,
a person already has
antibodies/agglutinins (IgMs) to
the A/B antigens not on their
RBCs. (2)
```
```
– These are in the plasma
prior to any exposure.
Appear 2-8 months after
birth.
• Introduced to the
immune system through
food and bacteria
```
67
Maximum titer is at -- years, then declines with age
10
68
So what happens if inappropriate A-B-O blood is transfused?
69
if a person receives RBCs with
antigens that they have
agglutinins/antibodies against, the
RBCs will ---
agglutinate
70
Antigens have multiple binding sites
| as do antibodies, so multiple RBCs
clump together
71
Agglutination causes
obstruction of small blood vessels
72
Hours to days later, hemolysis occurs (2)
- Due to extreme distortion of RBCs and action of phagocytic WBCs
- It is possible to have acute hemolysis, but it is unlikely
73
```
The pathologic effects of agglutination
can be (2)
```
extreme and fatal (systemic
inflammatory response, kidney failure,
intravascular coagulopathy, etc.)
74
When blood is transfused, it is not usually whole blood, but packed
RBCs. So the only reaction to worry about is between the
recipient’s plasma and the donor’s RBCs.
75
Which type of blood is the universal donor?
76
Which type of blood is the universal Recipient?
