Renal 6 Flashcards
Normal function requires ECF Osmolarity =
300
mOsm
H2O and Na+ input via diet:
– Too much
– Not enough.
H2O and Na+ loss: (4)
– Insensible
– Sweat
– Feces
– Urine - To a large extent, kidneys balance the
books by adjusting water reabsorption and
excretion.
Mechanisms to eliminate excess water by excreting a
dilute urine;
Mechanisms to conserve water by excreting a
concentrated urine;
Renal feedback mechanisms that control the
extracellular fluid sodium concentration and osmolarity
Thirst and salt appetite mechanisms that determine the
intakes of (2), which also help to control
extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity, and sodium
concentration
water and salt
Concentration and Dilution of the Urine Accomplished independently of major changes in solute excretion: – Maximal urine concen- tration: – Minimal urine concen- tration:
1200 mOsm (specific gravity ~ 1.030).
50 mOsm (specific gravity ~ 1.003).
Filtrate is — in proximal tubule.
isosmotic
Filtrate is isosmotic in proximal tubule. Becomes hyperosmotic as passes through tDL (2)
– Water reabsorption
– No solute reabsorption.
Becomes hyposmotic as passes
through TAL and early distal tubule (2)
– Solute reabsorption
– No water reabsorption.
Osmolarity of fluid will vary as pass
through distal tubule and collecting
duct (2)
– Stays hyposmotic in absence of
ADH (dilute urine)
– Dilute Urine (as low as 50 mOsm/L)
Urine Formed With ADH is Concentrated (4)
ADH increases H2O permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct. Large volume of H2O diffuses into interstitium. Enters capillaries of Vasa Recta and removed. Creates concentrated urine (as high as 1200 mOsm/L)
Obligatory Urine Volume
The maximal concentration ability of the
kidney dictates how much urine volume
must be excreted each day to rid the body of
metabolic waste products and ions that are
ingested.
Adult must excrete — mosmol daily
(solutes ingested and [mainly] produced by
metabolism).
600
(600 mosmol/day)/(1200 mosmol/L) = 0.5
L/day.
(600 mosmol/day)/(1200 mosmol/L) = 0.5
L/day.
– Adds to
other sources of H2O loss (skin,
lungs, GI).
Renal disease impairs — ability:
concentrating
Requirements for Excreting a Concentrated
Urine (2)
- High levels of ADH
2. Hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid
Hyperosmotic medullary interstitial fluid (4)
Surrounds collecting duct
Sets gradient for water reabsorption
Requires Counter Current Multiplier Mechanism
Function of Juxtamedullary nephrons
Function of Juxtamedullary nephrons (3)
- Long Loop of Henle
- Vasa Recta
- Slow flow rate
High Interstitial fluid Osmolarity a result of: (4)
- Active transport of Na+ and other ions by ascending limb of LOH
- Active transport of ions from collecting duct into interstitium
- Facilitated diffusion of Urea by Inner medullary collecting ducts
- Movement of only small amounts of water into medullary
interstitium
Continuous delivery of NaCl from proximal convoluted tubule into
loop of Henle
Concentration of filtrate by H2O reabsorption by
Descending Limb of Henle
Continuous reabsorption of solute into interstitium by
thick ascending limb