Resp 1 Part 2 Flashcards
Measurements of Expiratory Flow:
These are important measurements because they
Used to test for
reflect air flow within
large airways.
increased airway resistance.
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC):
Volume of air forcibly
expired after maximal inhalation. ~5 L
Forced Expiration Volume 1 (FEV1):
Fraction of FVC
expired during the first second.
Normal FEV1/FVC =
0.8 (80%)
FEV1 reflects
flow in large airways
FEV1 is
80
Eupnea
Normal quiet breathing
Hyperpnea
Increased rate or volume due to
higher metabolism
Exercise
Hyperventilation
Increased rate or volume w/o
increased metabolism
Emotions; blowing up a
balloon
Hypoventilation
Decreased alveolar ventilation
Shallow breathing;
asthma; restrictive lung
disease
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing rate (usually with
decreased depth)
Panting
Dyspnea
Difficulty breathing; air hunger
Various pathologies or
hard exercise
Normal, quiet breathing takes —% of total body energy
3-5
The energy requirement
will significantly increase if a patient has a respiratory condition that alters
compliance/elasticity and/or resistance
Pulmonary patients may require a
50-fold
increase in the amount of energy required to fuel adequate ventilation.
OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES
• Due to — Airway
Resistance
increase
OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES
examples (4)
– Asthma
– Emphysema
– Bronchitis
– Cystic Fibrosis
obstructive diseases
Primarily impacts —.
Individuals with obstructive
diseases will breathe (2)
expiration
slow and deep
RESTRICTIVE DISEASES
Due to — Lung
Compliance
decrease
RESTRICTIVE DISEASES
example
pulmonary fibrosis
RESTRICTIVE DISEASES
Primarily impacts —
Individuals with restrictive diseases
will breathe (2)
inspiration
fast and shallow.
Obstructive Disease: Atopic Asthma
IgE Mediated -Type I Hypersensitivity Reaction
An allergen leads to an inflammatory response that causes
bronchospasms that obstruct airflow. Chronic inflammation can
lead to impaired mucociliary response, edema and increased
airway responsiveness.
Atopic Asthma tx options (2)
Quick-relief medications:
β2 agonists,
anticholinergic agents,
etc.
Long-term medications:
inhaled corticosteroids,
long-acting
bronchodilators, etc.
Nonatopic Asthma can occur
with (7)
respiratory infections, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, inhaled irritants, aspirin and other NSAIDS
Obstructive Disease: Cystic Fibrosis
Autosomal recessive disorder resulting in
defective chloride ion transport (mutation in
CFTR ion channel) that results in an
abnormally thick mucus that obstructs
airways.
Cystic Fibrosis tx options (4)
• Antibiotics • Chest Physical Therapy (percussion and postural drainage) • Mucolytic agents • Pancreatic enzyme replacement
CF lungs are prone to infection.
Eventually permanent colonization of
airways is established and organisms
become
more and more antibiotic
resistant as patients are on long-term
antibiotic therapy.
Obstructive Disease: Emphysema
Destruction of elastic fibers & enlargement of
airspaces due to destruction of airspace
walls.
Emphysema leads to (3)
(1) Airway collapse which increase R and decrease F
(2) Damage to alveolar membrane so decrease
gas exchange.
(3) decrease Elasticity and increase Compliance
Restrictive Respiratory Diseases
Any pulmonary problem that limits lung
expansion (decreased lung compliance)
Restrictive Respiratory Diseases:
Tissue injury leads to
chronic inflammation
and the normal architecture of the lungs is
disrupted and is replaced with scar
tissue/fibrosis (the collagen fibers decrease
lung compliance)
Restrictive Respiratory Diseases:
Low compliance
Patient finds it much more difficult to —
inhale
Restrictive Respiratory Diseases:
Work of breathing increases
Patient breathes fast and shallow. Because
shallow breaths decrease alveolar ventilation
there is decrease gas exchange.
Includes: Pulmonary Fibrosis (idiopathic, drug-
induced, environmental), pneumonia, pulmonary
Restrictive Respiratory Diseases:
signs and symptoms (3)
Increased respiratory rate Chronic cough (dry, non- productive) Polycythemia due to hypoxia
