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Physiology > Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Afferent Pathways into
the CNS enters the spinal cord via
the

A

posterior/dorsal roots

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2
Q

Labeled Lines:

A 
Receptors 
and neurons in the CNS are 
dedicated to carrying 
particular sensory 
information.
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3
Q

Greater than –% of all
sensory information is
discarded as irrelevant by the —

A

99

thalamus

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4
Q

Schematic of Sensory

Afferent) Pathways (5

A 
• Receptor
• First Order Neuron
• Second Order Neuron
• Third Order Neuron
• Primary 
Somatosensory Cortex 
(Parietal Lobe)
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5
Q

input to the nervous system is provided by

A

sensory

receptors

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6
Q

Mechanoreceptors:

A

compression/stretch

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7
Q

Mechanoreceptors includes receptors in (5)

A 
skin, 
muscle spindles, 
hearing, 
equilibrium, 
arterial pressure,
etc.
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8
Q

Chemoreceptors:

A

ligands

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9
Q

Chemoreceptors includes receptors for (6)

A 
taste, 
smell, 
arterial oxygen, 
osmolarity, 
blood gas, 
blood glucose, 
etc.
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10
Q

Thermoreceptors:

A

cold/warm

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11
Q

Nociceptors:

A

damage

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12
Q

Photoreceptors (electromagnetic receptors):

A

light

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13
Q

The particular form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive is
called its

A

adequate stimulus

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14
Q

The particular form of energy to which a receptor is most sensitive is
called its adequate stimulus. Receptors do respond to forms of
energy, but the threshold for these nonspecific responses is much —

A

higher

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15
Q

Sensory Receptors are specific for a particular

A 
energy 
type (or modality)
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16
Q

Activation of any sensory receptor changes — and produces what is called a

A 
membrane potential (transduction)
receptor potential (a graded potential).
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17
Q 
Pacinian Corpuscle 
(mechanoreceptor) 
When the 
surrounding capsule 
is distressed, the 
central nerve fiber is 
in turn distorted, 
opening ion 
channels. The 
greater the 
depression, the
A 
more ion channels 
will open, so a 
larger GP will be 
produced which 
leads to more APs.
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18
Q

Increases in stimulus strength will increase the — of

receptor potentials, but this is not a — relationship.

A

amplitude

direct (linear)

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19
Q

The intensity (or strength) of stimulus perception is determined by: (2)

A
  1. The frequency of action potentials (Temporal summation)

2. The total number of receptors activated (Spatial summation)

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20
Q

APs are All or None, so a stronger stimulus will NOT generate a

A

larger AP

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21
Q

A Stronger stimulus intensity produces a (3)

A 
Larger Receptor (Graded) Potential, 
More Actions Potentials (Temporal Summation) 
and causes More neurotransmitter release into the synapse
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22
Q

Adaptation (2)

A
  1. Perceptual Threshold
  2. Adaptation can occur at the receptor or in the
    neuron
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23
Q

If a stimulus of constant strength is
maintained on a sensory receptor, the
frequency of the action potentials in its
sensory nerve — over time

A

declines

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24
Q 
In response to continual, 
high impulse sensory stimuli, 
the response of almost all 
receptors ---, but to 
varying degrees.
A

decreases

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25
Q

The longest measured time for
nearly complete adaptation of a
mechanoreceptor is

A

2 days – carotid
and aortic baroreceptors. This is
considered a tonic form of
adaptation.

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26
Q

Decrease in amplitude of receptor potential over time in

the presence of a constant stimulus (2)

A

– Corresponding decrease in frequency of APs

– Decreases perception of stimulus

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27
Q

Tonic Receptors help

differentiate stimulus

A

Intensity

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28
Q

Phasic Receptors
help differentiate
stimulus

A

Duration

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29
Q

Slowly Adapting/Tonic (4)

A

Golgi Tendon Organs,
Nociceptors,
Chemoreceptors,
Baroreceptors

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30
Q

Rapidly Adapting/Phasic (2)

A

Pacinian corpuscles,
Vestibular receptors in
the inner ear

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31
Q

Labeled Line Principle:

A

A precise modality
activates specific receptors and postsynaptic
cells. This information continues on a
predicted pathway such that particular kinds
of information are conveyed via specific
nerve fibers to specific regions of the CNS
that are programmed for perception of that
modality.

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32
Q

Homunculus correlates the
anatomical regions of the CNS
with where

A

interpretation and
awareness of sensations are
perceived

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33
Q

3 Neurons (3)

A

First-, Second- and

Third-Order

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34
Q

Receptive Field:

A 
Region where a single fiber’s 
afferent receptors (primarily on dendrites) are located
35
Q

There is often overlap between receptive
fields of adjacent neurons; overlap
improves

A

localization ability – two

point discrimination

36
Q

Acuity is the

A

precision with
which a stimulus
is perceived

37
Q

The process of — — enhances acuity.

A

lateral inhibition

38
Q

Lateral Inhibition Improves —

A

Discrimination

39
Q 
Sensory 
stimulation of a 
single point on 
the skin can 
elicit excitation 
in one tract of 
post-synaptic 
cells while 
simultaneously
A

inhibiting lateral

neurons

40
Q

Lateral inhibition occurs throughout the CNS and is advantageous since it diminishes

A

lateral spread of an excitatory signal and increases degree of contrasts in the sensory pattern perceived in the cortex

41
Q

Lateral inhibition occurs at each synapse: (3)

A

(1) medulla,
(2) thalamus and
(3) cerebral cortex.

42
Q

Nerve fibers that have
larger diameter axons
and/or that are myelinated
have a faster

A

conduction

velocities

43
Q

Mechanoreceptors include (2)

A

TACTILE and POSITION
sensations that are stimulated by mechanical displacement of
some tissues in the body

44
Q

tactile (3)

A

touch
pressure
vibration

45
Q

Touch sensations from

stimulation of

A

tactile receptors
in the skin or tissues beneath
the skin.

46
Q

Pressure sensations from

A

deformation of deeper tissues

47
Q

Vibration sensations from

A

rapidly repetitive sensory signals

48
Q

position (2)

A

static position

proprioception

49
Q

Static position sense is

A

conscious perception of
orientation of different parts of
the body with respect to one
another

50
Q 
Rate of movement sense is 
also called (2)
A

kinesthesia or

dynamic proprioception

51
Q

Examples of Mechanoreceptors: (6)

A 
Free Nerve Endings, 
Pacinian Corpuscles, 
Meissner’s Corpuscles, 
Merkel’s Disks, 
Ruffini Endings, 
Hair End-Organs
52
Q

Mechanoreceptors are sensitive to (3) so mechanical stimuli are
responsible for their activation.

A

pressure,

touch, and vibration

53
Q

Free Nerve Endings
Detect:
Location:
Phasic/Tonic?

A

a. Detect touch & pressure (temp. & pain)
b. In skin, cornea, dental pulp, GI tract
c. Slow adaptation/ Tonic

54
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles
Detect:
Location:
Phasic/Tonic?

A

a. Detect deep pressure, vibration
b. In subcutaneous tissue, viscera, joints
c. Rapid adaptation/Phasic

55
Q 
Higher frequency 
vibration (up to 700 
cycles/sec) detected 
by --- --- while 
lower frequencies 
(below 200/sec) 
detected by --- --- as well.
A

Pacinian Corpuscles

Meissner’s Corpuscles

56
Q

Vibration is only detected by —, so application of vibration (tuning fork) is a tool used to test integrity of the —

A

Dorsal Column Pathway

DCP

57
Q

Meissner’s/Tactile Corpuscles (4)
Detect:
Location:
Phasic/Tonic?

A

a. Detect light touch, pressure, vibration
b. Localization
c. Found on glabrous skin
d. Rapid adaptation/Phasic

58
Q

The density of Meissner’s corpuscles in skin can be determined by

A

two-point discrimination tests.

The number of tactile corpuscles in skin normally declines during adult life.

59
Q

Merkel’s Disks
Detect:
Location:
Phasic/Tonic?

A

a. Localize continuous pressure and sensing an object’s texture
b. All skin
c. Slow adaptation/Tonic

60
Q

Ruffini’s Endings
Detect:
Location:
Phasic/Tonic?

A

a. Sensitive to stretch or indentation; proprioception
b. Deep layers of skin, joints, surrounding tooth roots
c. Slow adaptation/Tonic

61
Q

Periodontal mechanoreceptors in the
periodontal ligament are — -like
receptors.

A

Ruffini

62
Q

Hair End-Organ (3)

A

a. Hair Movement
b. Base of hair follicle
c. Rapid Adaptation/Phasic

63
Q

Dorsal Column–Medial Lemniscal Pathway

A 
Mechanoreceptor Transmission 
(Touch, Pressure, Vibration)
64
Q

The medial lemniscus is an ascending
bundle of heavily myelinated axons that
cross over in the –

A

medulla

65
Q

Transmits signals to the brain at

velocities of

A

30-110 m/sec

66
Q

The ascending sensory tract (first order) ascends the

spinal cord on the

A

same side as the

stimulus

67
Q

The second order neuron crosses over in

the

A

medulla oblongata

68
Q

Spinothalamic/Anterolateral Pathway (6)

A

Pain, Thermoreceptors, Crude
Tactile, Tickle, Itch and Sexual
Sensations

69
Q

Transmits a broad spectrum of — modalities.

A

sensory

70
Q

Sends signals to the brain at velocities
a few meters/section up to – m/sec.
Much less spatial organization than the
dorsal column pathway.

A

40

71
Q 
The second order neuron crosses over in 
the --- --- and ascends in either the 
anterior or lateral spinothalamic tract on the 
--- side of the spinal cord from where 
the stimulus occurred.
A

spinal cord

opposite

72
Q 
With a 
UNILATERAL 
lesion of the spinal 
cord, one would 
expect to lose  
\_\_\_\_\_ lateral 
touch/pressure & 
\_\_\_\_\_ lateral  
pain/temperature 
sensations below 
the injury level
A

ipsilateral

contralateral

73
Q

Amorphosynthesis

A

Damage to the somatosensory association

area on one side

74
Q

Amorphosynthesis results in (2)

A

the inability to recognize complex objects and forms felt on the opposite side of the body.
Also loses sense of form of their own body on the opposite side; mainly oblivious to the opposite side of the body.

75
Q

Proprioception:

A

Awareness of the body’s position in space

76
Q 
Proprioception:
Receptor Types  (4)
A
  1. Photoreceptors
  2. Touch & pressure receptors in skin, joints, ligaments (ex. periodontal ligament)
  3. Skeletal Muscle Receptors (unconscious proprioception)
  4. Vestibular Receptors
77
Q

Skeletal Muscle Receptors (unconscious proprioception) (2)

A

a. Muscle Spindles

b. Golgi Tendon Organs

78
Q

Extensive Innervation (2)

A
  1. Incredibly high sensitivity to stimuli
  2. Relatively large region of the cortex receives
    information (Sensory Homunculus)
79
Q

Cutaneous & Mucosal Receptors (3)

A
  1. Meissner, Merkel, Ruffini, and free nerve endings
    a. No Pacinian Corpuscles
  2. Also send proprioceptive information
  3. Mechanoreceptors can convey taste perception
80
Q

Periodontal Mechanoreceptors (3)

A
  1. In the periodontal ligament
  2. Mostly complex Ruffini-like receptors; also free
    nerve endings. Axons are large & myelinated.
  3. Adaptation is both slow and fast
81
Q

Location of receptors allow

them to respond to any

A

forces applied to the crown
of the teeth (when biting and
chewing)

82
Q

Brisk tap on tooth — jaw

closing muscles

A

inhibits

ex. jaw opens to prevent damage

83
Q

Weak tap on tooth — jaw

closing muscles

A

activates

ex. to hold onto food and adjust chewing force

Physiology (53 decks)

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