- Contain Nephrons (Functional Unit) – produce urine - Border of Cortex/Medulla - Papilla

Renal 2 Flashcards by sophie rosen

skipped
Renal Functions (8)

 Regulation of water and electrolyte balance
 Regulation of arterial pressure
 Regulation of solute concentrations
(osmolarity).
 Excretion of metabolic waste products and
foreign chemicals.
 Erythropoiesis via Erythropoietin
 Regulation of acid-base balance.
 Regulation of active vitamin D (calcitriol)
production:
 Gluconeogenesis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Output = Input

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulation of arterial pressure (2)

Vascular resistance, Circulating volume

- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, AVP/ADH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Excretion of metabolic waste products and

foreign chemicals. (2)

Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin…

- Drugs, pesticides, food additives…

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulation of active vitamin D (calcitriol)

production: (2)

Calcium homeostasis

- Dynamic bone structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kidney will increase or decrease
— rate of a substance to match
input

excretion

Ex. 10x increase Na+ intake leads to
compensatory increase Na+ excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Small period of time between (2)

disturbance and balance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two kidneys –

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

size of kidneys

fist

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two Major Regions of kidney

– Cortex

– Medulla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Medulla Composed of (2)

Renal pyramids

- Renal Columns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Renal Pyramids (3)

Contain Nephrons (Functional
Unit) – produce urine
Border of Cortex/Medulla
Papilla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Urine dumped into (6)

Minor
Calyx  Major Calyx Renal
Pelvis  Ureter  Urinary
Bladder  Micturition Reflex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ureter walls contain

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ureters exhibit

peristalsis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Exhibit peristalsis (2)

Calyces stretched by urine
Initiates peristaltic wave that
flows through pelvis, along
ureter to bladder

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Autonomic Nerves can alter

peristalsis (2)

Parasympathetic enhances
peristalsis
Sympathetic decreases
peristalsis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ureters enter Bladder through

Detruser Muscle (smooth 
muscle)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Enter Bladder through Detruser Muscle (smooth

muscle) (2)

Muscle tone compresses ureter and prevents
black flow of urine during micturition
Peristaltic wave increase pressure within ureter,
opening ureter lumen, allowing urine to flow into
bladder.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vesicoureteral Reflux (3)

Backflow of urine into ureter
Enlargement of ureters
Increase pressure and damage to renal
pelvis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ureters and pain innervation

rich pain innervation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ureterorenal reflex (3)

Ureters blocked (ex. Ureteral stone)
Reflex to reduce RBF and urine formation
Protective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Visceral sensory neurons detect

degree of bladder stretch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parasympathetic neurons stimulate (2)

contraction of detrusor

muscle and relaxation of Internal Sphincter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pudendal nerve =

somatic motor neurons controlling External | Sphincter

Sympathetic neurons control

bladder blood vessels

``` Micturition Reflex – Spinal Reflex  --- Reflex  Stimulus =  Reflex Receptor =  Afferent =  IC =  Efferent =  Effector =  Effector Response: - Local = - Systemic =  Feedback = ```

```  Stretch Reflex  Stimulus = bladder stretch  Reflex Receptor = Stretch receptors in bladder wall  Afferent = Visceral Sensory  IC = Spinal Cord (Spinal Reflex)  Efferent = Parasympathetic  Effector = Detrusor Smooth Muscle  Effector Response: - Local = Contraction - Systemic = Stretch  Feedback = Positive ```

Smooth muscle relaxes to keep | --- pressure relatively constant

tonic

Micturition Reflex (cont.) After time (sec. to min.) reflex (2), and bladder --

fatigues and ceases relaxes

If bladder not emptied, reflex | remains

inhibited (min to hours) | and then occurs again

Frequency and power of contractions --- as bladder fills

increases

Once powerful enough, inhibits --- to override voluntary control; allows urine to ---

Pudenden nerve flow

Voluntary urination – (3)

``` contract abdominal muscles, increases bladder pressure, activates micturition reflex with voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter. ```

Blood Flow to Kidney

 Very high blood flow (20% of | cardiac output).

Blood Flow to Kidney Renal Artery branches off ---

Aorta

Blood Flow to Kidney | Enters kidney at ---

hilum

Blood Flow to Kidney | Branches into

smaller and | smaller vessels

Blood Flow to Kidney | Unique ---

microcirculation

Blood Flow to Kidney | sequence (3)

Venules  Renal Vein  Vena | Cava

Glomerular: (2)

``` High pressure for Filtration Afferent and Efferent arteriolar resistance can be altered to alter PC in Glomerular Capillaries ```

Peritubular: (2)

 Low pressure |  Secretion and reabsorption

Renal Microcirculation: Two Arterioles, Two Capillary Beds sequence (5)

Afferent Arteriole  Glomerular Capillaries  Efferent Arteriole  Peritubular Capillaries  Venules

Functional Unit of Kidney =

The Nephron: Different Segments, Different Functions

Each Collecting duct Collects fluid from about --- nephrons

4000

--- Collecting Ducts/Kidney

250

≈ --- Nephrons/Kidney

1,000,000

Two Classes of Nephrons

cortical | juxtamedullary

1. Cortical (4)

```  70-80% of nephrons  Glomerulus in outer cortex  Short loops of Henle  Peritubular Capillaries ```

2. Juxtamedullary (5)

```  20-30% of nephrons  Glomerulus near cortex/medulla border  Long Loop of Henle (extends deep into medulla)  Vasa Recta  Play role in concentrating urine ```

1. Filtration (F) (4)

```  Function of Glomerular Capillaries  Occurs via bulk flow  Glomerular Filtrate is identical to plasma except protein free  Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) = ```

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) =

Rate of filtrate production (vol./time)

2. Reabsorption (R) (2)

```  Removes wanted substances from glomerular filtrate and puts it back into blood in peritubular capillaries  Passive and Active transport processes across nephron epithelium ```

3. Secretion (S) (2)

```  Removal of unwanted substances still in plasma and secrete it into glomerular filtrate in nephron  Passive and Active transport processes across nephron epithelium ```

4. Excretion (E) (2)

 Removal of metabolic waste  Urine exits collecting duct into minor calyx

Ex =

Fx – Rx + Sx

water (L/day) filtration: reabsorption: excretion:

180 179 1-1.5

sodium (mmol/day) filtration: reabsorption: excretion:

25,560 25,410 150 (<1%)

glucose (gm/day) filtration: reabsorption: excretion:

180 180 0

creatine (gm/day) filtration: reabsorption: excretion:

1.8 0 1.8

Why do we filter so much and then expend so much | energy to return greater than 99% back into the ECF?