Cardio 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Pulmonary Circulation Pressures (4)

A
1= ventricular filling 
2= isovolumetric ejection
3= ventricular ejection
4= isovolumentric ventricular relaxation
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2
Q

Cardiac Output (CO)

A

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in 1 minute.

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3
Q

Cardiac Output (CO) equation

A

CO= HR x SV

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4
Q

Normal resting CO

A

= 70 beats/min x 70 ml/beat

≈ 5 L/min

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5
Q

During intense exercise CO can increase to

A

30 – 35 L/min

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6
Q

CO regulated to match demands of tissues
o Increased by: (3)
o Decreased by: (2)

A

Physical activity, Metabolic status, Drugs

Blood loss, Heart Disease

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7
Q

Control CO by changing (2)

A

HR and SV

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8
Q

Factors that increase HR are called

A

+ chronotropic agents

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9
Q

Factors that decrease HR are called

A
  • chronotropic agents
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10
Q

HR is mainly controlled by input from the nervous

system: (2)

A

 SNS increases heart rate (AR and Contractile
Cells)
 PSNS decreases heart rate (AR Cells only)

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11
Q

Major Factors Influencing Heart Rate (3)

A

increase activity of sympathetic nerves to heart
decrease activity of parasympathetic nerves to heart
increase plasma epinephrine

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12
Q

stroke volume equation

A

SV= EDV-ESV

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13
Q

SV is altered by: (3)

A

o Δ preload (EDV)
o Δ afterload (Blood Pressure)
o Δ contractility (Force of Contraction)

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14
Q

At rest, cardiac muscle sits at a length that is

A

less than

optimum

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15
Q

Starling’s Law of the Heart (4)

A

↑ EDV
↑ stretch of myocardium moves resting cardiocyte length toward optimum
↑ SV

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16
Q

VR =

A

Rate at which blood is
returned to the heart from
veins

17
Q

Veins

A

Flaccid vessels and can hold
up to 60% of total blood
volume (Peripheral Venous
Pool)

18
Q

Veins:
ΔP to return blood to the heart
from capillaries

A

very small

19
Q

Veins:

One-way Valves to facilitate

A

blood movement back to heart

20
Q

increase VR by: (3)

A
  1. increase Skeletal muscle pump
  2. increase Thoracic Pump
  3. increase Venoconstriction via Sympathetic NS
    (1-3 Dependent on one-way valves in veins)
21
Q

decrease VR by: (2)

A
  1. valsalva maneurver

2. *Extremely high HR (tachycardia) – decrease CO by decrease EDV

22
Q

SV α 1/–

23
Q

CO α

A

HR (at normal HR)

24
Q

HR has greater affect on CO

than SV unless extremely

A

tachycardic

increase in HR results in decrease CO (decrease SV, decrease EDV)

25
Afterload is the
``` pressure that the ventricles must overcome to force open the aortic and pulmonary valves. ```
26
Anything that increases systemic or pulmonary arterial pressure can
increase afterload | hypertension
27
↑afterload causes
↓SV
28
after load is a NOT a major factor in
healthy subjects
29
Contractility
Ability of heart to contract at any given resting | fiber length
30
The ventricles are never completely empty of blood (ejection fraction), so a more forceful contraction will
expel more blood with each | pump.
31
Contractility is varied by
controlling the amount of Ca++ that enters contractile cell via L type voltage gated Ca++ channels (Graded Contractions)
32
+ inotropic agents
increase contractility and increase ejection fraction (ex. Sympathetic Stimulation, Epinephrine)
33
- inotropic agents
decrease contractility decrease ejection fraction (ex. β1 Blockers, Ca++ channel blockers)
34
At rest, amount of ACh ? NE
>
35
Cardiac Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle | Similarities (2)
 Sarcomeres = functional unit |  Length/Tension
36
Cardiac Muscle vs. Skeletal Muscle | Differences: (4)
```  Stimulus (Intrinsic: Extrinsic)  Ca++ release from SR (10% ECF/90% SR : 100% SR)  Summation/tetanus (No: Yes)  Muscle Twitch (Graded: All or None) ```