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Physiology > Cell Membrane, Membrane Transport and Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Cell Membrane, Membrane Transport and Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

structural proteins form

A

cell to cell attachments that hold adjacent epithelial cells together

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2
Q

structural proteins sometimes anchors

A

cells to ECM

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3
Q

tight junctions

A

prevents intercellular movement of fluid and dissolved substances

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4
Q

desmosomes

A

structural support

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5
Q

gap junctions

A

cell to cell communication via ions

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6
Q

enzymes

A

integral membrane, transmembrane, or peripheral membrane proteins that catalyze specific chemical reactions either on the extracellular surface of cell oe inside cell

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7
Q

properties of enzymes (3)

A

specificity
saturation
competition

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8
Q

how long does it take to synthesize proteins

A

2 hours

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9
Q

when are most proteins synthesized?

A

in advance and stored in an inactive form, activated when needed

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10
Q

proteins provide a means for

A

immediate protein regulation

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11
Q

interaction between substance and protein binding site follows the

A

mass action model

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12
Q

glycococalyx

A

attached to EC surface of membrane lipids and proteins

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13
Q

glycocalyx plays an important role in

A

enabling cells to identify and interact with each other

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14
Q

characteristics of membrane structure (4)

A

selectively permeable barrier
mosaic
dynamic
fluid

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15
Q

which concentrations are higher outside of the cell (5)

A 
Na+
Ca++
Cl-
HCO3-
Glucose
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16
Q

which concentrations are higher inside the cell (6)

A 
K+
Mg++
Phosphates 
Animo acids 
pH
Proteins
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17
Q

passive transport (3)

A

no energy required
down gradients (high to low; deltaC, deltaP, or deltaE)
diffusion, osmosis, bulk flow

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18
Q

active transport (3)

A

energy required
up gradients (low to high)
active transporters, bulk (vesicular) transport

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19
Q

random thermal motion

A

molecules in a fluid are continuously and randomly bouncing around

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20
Q

rate of movement is proportional to

A

(temp)/(mass)

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21
Q

diffusion

A

movement of substances other than water down a gradient (deltaC; deltaE or deltaP; how to low)

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22
Q

net movement stops at

A

equilibrium

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23
Q

random movement is

A

continuous

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24
Q

diffusion is — specific

A

substance

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25
Q

passive transport moves the system towards

A

equilibrium

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26
Q

mass and heat flow model

A

concentration gradient (higher energy, lower energy)
driving force
mass or energy flow
resistance

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27
Q

what can the mass and heat flow model be used to describe? (5)

A 
diffusion
osmosis
blood flow through blood vessels 
air flow through airways 
capillary exchange
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28
Q

type of substances
simple diffusion:
facilitated diffusion:

A

hydrophobic/lipophilic substances

hydrophilic/lipophobic substances

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29
Q

movement
simple diffusion:
facilitated diffusion:

A

move directly through phospholipid bilayer

require membrane channels or carriers

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30
Q

speed
simple diffusion:
facilitated diffusion:

A

slower

faster

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31
Q

regulation
simple diffusion:
facilitated diffusion:

A

unregulated

regulated (specificity, saturation, competition)

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32
Q

plasma membrane?
simple diffusion:
facilitated diffusion:

A

does not require

requires

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33
Q

simple diffusion rate (SDR) equation

A

((gradient)(temp)(surface area))/((resistance)(diffusion distance))

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34
Q

facilitated diffusion rate (FDR) IONS equation

A

(gradient)(temp)(#channels)(probability channels are open)

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35
Q

facilitated diffusion rate (FDR) MOLECULES equation

A

(gradient)(temp)(#carriers)

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36
Q

why are the kinetics of simple and facilitated diffusion different?

A

facilitated diffusion results in saturated carriers, would need more carriers to to increase rate of diffusion

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37
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a plasma membrane down a free [h2o] gradient

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38
Q

water movement via osmosis is facilitated by

A

awuaporins

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39
Q

water permeability can be

A

regulated

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40
Q

[free h2o] is proportional to

A

1/[solute]

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41
Q

how will water molecules move?

A

passively down a free water gradient (toward the area with a higher solute concentration)

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42
Q

which 3 values change during osmosis?

A

solute conc
water conc
container volume

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43
Q

is osmosis substance specific?

A

no

44
Q

what determines h2o movement via osmosis?

A

impermeable substances

45
Q

osmolarity

A

the total (free) solute concentration of a solution (permeable and impermeable)

46
Q

one osmol is equal to

A

1 mol of solute particles

47
Q

a 1M solution of glucose has a concentration of —, whereas a 1 M solution of NaCl is —

A

1 Osm (1 osmol/L)

2 Osm (2 Osm of solute/1 L of solution)

48
Q

isosmotic

A

bathing solution Osm=cytosolic Osm

49
Q

hyposmotic

A

bathing solution Osm

50
Q

hyperosmotic

A

bathing solution Osm>cytosolic Osm

51
Q

tonicity

A

defined by the number of impermeable substances only

52
Q

tonicity determines the

A

direction of h2o movement via osmosis

bc only impermeable substances determine the movement

53
Q

isotonic solution (2)

A

concentration of impermeable substance=cell cytosol

cells in an isotonic bathing solution will have no net change in volume

54
Q

hypotonic solutions (2)

A

concentration of impermeable substance

55
Q

hypertonic solutions (2)

A

concentration of impermeable substance>cell cytosol

cells in an isotonic bathing solution will lose water and shrink

56
Q

normal ECF is – mosm of nonpenetrating solute

A

300

57
Q

normal cytosol is – mosm of nonpenetrating solute

A

300

58
Q

under normal circumstances, ECF Osm, is — to cell cytosol

A

isotonic

59
Q

cells do not have a net change in

A

volume

60
Q

what exists to maintain ECF Osm. isotonic?

A

homeostatic processes

61
Q

pressure is required to – the flow of water into a compartment

A

stop

62
Q

permeable solutes (7)

A 
ethanol
FA
O2
CO2
steroids
urea 
glucose (dextrose)
63
Q

impermeable solutes (6)

A 
Na+
K+
Cl-
CHO3-
protein
others
64
Q

any given cell, at any given moment may or may not be permeable to

A

glucose or urea

65
Q

any given cell, at any given moment may or may not be permeable to glucose or urea. this depends on (2)

A

cell type (ex. RBC always permeable to urea/glucose)

chemical signals present at the time (ex. liver and muscle cells only permeable to glucose if insulin present)

66
Q

if asked about a single cell and cell identity is not provided, assume

A

glucose and urea may be impermeable

67
Q

if asked about whole water over time, assume

A

glucose and urea are permeable

68
Q

how abundant is water in the body

A

most abundance molecule, accounts for 60% of body weight

69
Q

think about water as either

A

intracellular or extracellular

70
Q

the volume of water in the intracellular vs extracellular spaces is

A

unequal

71
Q

the osmolarity of the extracellular and intracellular spaces is

A

equal

72
Q

blood plasma accounts for

A

5% ECF

73
Q

interstitial fluid accounts for

A

15% ECF

74
Q

intracellular fluid accounts for

A

40%

75
Q

active transport requiers an

A

input of energy

76
Q

two types of active transport

A
  1. active transport with membrane proteins (typically what is meant)
  2. bulk (vesicular) transport
77
Q

active transporters

A

transmembrane protein that moves ions and hydrophilic building blocks across the plasma membrane up a deltaC (requires energy)

78
Q

classification of active transporters is based on (3)

A
  1. number of substances being transported
  2. directions substances are transported
  3. source of energy for transport
79
Q

types of active transporters are based on (2)

A

number and direction of movement

80
Q

uniporter

A

moves only one substance

81
Q

symptorters/cotransporters

A

all substances moving in same directions

82
Q

antiporter/countertransporter

A

substances moving in different directions

83
Q

primary active transporters

A

energy comes directly from breakdown of ATP

84
Q

secondary active transporters

A

energy released from one substance moving down a gradient is used to pump a second substance up a gradient

85
Q

examples of active transport (3)

A

sodium potassium pump
calcium pump
hydrogen pump

86
Q

sodium potassium pump functions (2)

A

maintain Na+ and K+ concentration differences

electrogenic- establishes negative membrane potential

87
Q

cotransporteres (symporters) examples (2)

A

Na/glucose symporter

Na/aa symptorter

88
Q

countertransporters (antiporters) ex

A

Na/Ca exchanger

89
Q

Through a H+ channel (diffusion; DOWN concentration gradient), H+ moves

A

outside of

the cell

90
Q

However, if H+ is moving via active transport

(against its concentration gradient), then it will be moving

A

into the cell

91
Q

What type of H+ transporter is found in the

apical epithelium of the stomach??

A
92
Q

vesicular transport/bulk transport

A

moves large substances across the PM

93
Q

vesicular transport/bulk transport is — dependent

A

gradient

94
Q

vesicular transport/bulk transport requires

A

energy

95
Q

two types of vesicular transport/bulk transport

A

endocytosis

exocytosis

96
Q

endocytosis (3)

A

brings substances into cell
forms vesicle
removes membrane from PM

97
Q

exocytosis (3)

A

removes substances from cell
vesicle fuses to membrane
adds membrane to PM

98
Q

vesicular transport/bulk transport is how the cell modifies….

A

composition of the PM

99
Q

membrane potentials (Vm)

A

charge difference across the PM

100
Q

membrane potentials (Vm) is created by

A

unequal distribution of anions and cations across the cell membrane

101
Q

charge separation =

A

source of energy

102
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the charge difference across the plasma membrane when the cell us ate rest

103
Q

normal resting Vm

A

!-70mV (varies by cell type)

104
Q

– represents the charge inside the cell

A

sign

105
Q

membrane potential creates the electrical gradients for

A

movement of ions into/out of cells

106
Q

membrane potential opens or closes

A

gated ion channels

107
Q

membrane potential regulates

A

exocytosis

Physiology (53 decks)

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