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Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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2
Q

Both systems are (3)

A

Involuntary, Excitatory & Inhibitory, Di-synaptic

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3
Q

Generally — one another when they innervate the same tissue.

A

oppose

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4
Q

Each system is — active, but one system is usually

predominant at rest.

A

tonically

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5
Q

Sympathetic (SNS) (3)

A 
• Fight or Flight
• Can selectively activate 
effectors or elicit a mass 
discharge, especially 
during stress response
• Noraderenergic 
(NE)/Adrenergic (EPI)
– BUT cholinergic pre- to 
post-ganglionic
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6
Q

Parasympathetic (PNS) (3)

A 
• Rest & Digest
• Control mechanisms are 
almost always specific, 
activating or inhibiting 
discrete targets.
• Cholinergic (ACH)
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7
Q

Both the SNS & PNS have: (2)

A

Preganglionic neurons

Postganglionic neurons

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8
Q 
Preganglionic neurons (cell 
bodies in
A

lateral gray horn of the
spinal cord (SNS) or motor nuclei
of cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
(PNS))

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9
Q

All preganglionic terminals

release

A

ACh that binds to
nicotinic receptors (Type NN)
on the postganglionic neuron

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10
Q

— receptors are ligand-
gated ion channels (ionotropic)
that are selective for both (2)

A

nACh
Na+
and K+.

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11
Q

Postganglionic neurons cell

bodies are

A

outside of the CNS

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12
Q

Thoracolumbar Division

A

T1 through L3 or L4

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13
Q

Preganglionic axons exit through a white ramus into one of

the ganglia of the sympathetic chain. Fibers will then either: (4)

A 
1. Synapse with postganglionic 
neurons at that ganglia
2. Pass up or down the 
sympathetic chain, then 
synapse with a different 
ganglia
3. Pass through the chain and 
out a sympathetic nerve 
(Splanchnic) where it will 
synapse in a peripheral 
sympathetic ganglion (celiac, 
superior mesenteric, or 
inferior mesenteric)
4. EXCEPTION:  Adrenal 
Medulla
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14
Q

Almost all sympathetic postganglionic terminals release

— which —

A

norepinephrine (NE/noradrenaline) at synapse with target cells.
NE activates both alpha and beta receptors.

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15
Q

Almost all sympathetic postganglionic terminals release
norepinephrine (NE/noradrenaline) at synapse with target cells.
NE activates both alpha and beta receptors.
– Exception:

A

most sympathetic post-ganglionic terminals release ACh
at sweat glands to activate muscarinic receptors. Some skeletal
muscle vasculature also works this way.

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16
Q

When stimulated, the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)

secretes

A

80% epinephrine (EPI/adrenaline) and 20% NE into
the bloodstream. EPI and NE then circulate throughout the
body and activate adrenergic receptors.

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17
Q

The adrenal medulla contains the enzyme —, which catalyzes the conversion of NE to
EPI (this reaction requires cortisol)

A

phenylethanolamine-N-

methyltransferase (PNMT)

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18
Q

Compared to beta receptors, alpha receptors have a –

affinity for catecholamines, so beta receptors are activated at

A 
lower
lower concentrations (i.e. beta receptors have a higher affinity)
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19
Q

Norepinephrine has a slightly greater potency at —

receptors compared to epinephrine.

A

alpha

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20
Q

Alpha 1:

A

constrict smooth muscle (Gq protein, increase IP3)

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21
Q

Alpha 2:

A

blocks further NE release (presynaptic receptor) (Gi

protein, decrease cAMP)

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22
Q

Catecholamine Potency for Beta receptors varies: (3)

A

Epi & NE have almost equal potency at beta 1 receptors;
Epi has MUCH greater potency at beta 2 receptors than NE;
NE has slightly greater potency at beta 3 receptors than EPI.

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23
Q

Beta 1:

A

increase heart rate & contractility, increase lipolysis, increase
renin secretion, increase protein content in saliva (Gs
protein: increase cAMP)

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24
Q

Beta 2:

A

relax smooth muscle, release FA & glucose (Gs protein: increase
cAMP)

25
Q

Beta 3:

A

found in adipose tissue (Gs protein: increase cAMP)

26
Q

Systemic absorption of injected local anesthetics depends on

A

blood flow to the area.

27
Q

The addition of epinephrine causes

A

vasoconstriction (via alpha 1 receptors) at the site of administration, which decreases blood absorption and facilitates neuronal uptake, enhances quality of analgesia, prolongs duration of action and limits toxic side effects. Addition of EPI to lidocaine usually extends the duration of anesthesia by at least 50%.

28
Q

Albuterol

A

Beta 2 selective agonist, is used for treatment of asthma

as it causes bronchodilation.

29
Q

NE that is released by nerve terminals
remains active for only a few seconds
before: (3)

A
  1. Diffusion away from synaptic cleft
  2. Reuptake by presynaptic terminal
    (cocaine blocks re-uptake)
  3. Destruction by the enzymes
    MonoAmine Oxidase (MAO) or
    Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT)
30
Q

PNS compared to SNS: (2)

A 
– PNS has longer preganglionic 
axons than SNS.  
– Preganglionic terminals also 
release ACh that binds to nicotinic 
ACh receptors.
31
Q

Craniosacral Division (2)

A 
– Preganglionic parasympathetic 
axons supply the face via the 
oculomotor (III), facial (VII), 
glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves and 
the thorax and upper abdomen via 
the vagus (X) nerve.  
– S2-4 carry preganglionic 
parasympathetic axons to the 
pelvic viscera.
32
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic varicosities release

A

ACh that bind

to muscarinic ACh receptors on target cells.

33
Q

Muscarinic receptors (G-protein/metabotropic) (3)

A

– Constrict smooth muscle
– Relax sphincters
– Stimulate glandular secretions

34
Q

Known Muscarinic Receptors (4)

A

– M1
– M2
– M3
– M4

35
Q

– M1:

A

stomach (secretions and contraction), salivary glands (Gq: IP3, increase IC Ca++)

36
Q

– M2:

A

smooth muscle, myocardium, cardiac autorhythmic cells, CNS (Gi protein, decrease cAMP)

37
Q

– M3:

A

exocrine glands (ex. salivary), smooth muscle, endothelium, CNS (Gq: IP3, increase IC Ca++)

38
Q

– M4:

A

CNS, vagal nerve (Gi protein, decrease cAMP)

39
Q

Cholinergic Receptors (5)

A 
– M1
– M2
– M3
– M4
_ M5
40
Q

M5:

A

sweat glands (SYMPATHETIC FUNCTION) (Gq: IP3, increase IC Ca++)

41
Q

Anticholinergic drugs such as amitriptyline (Elavil), a

tricyclic antidepressant, inhibit the effects of

A 
acetylcholine systemically (via muscarinic receptors), resulting in a 
myriad of side effects. Gastrointestinal side effects include 
xerostomia, constipation, ileus, and nausea and vomiting.
42
Q

• Sialorrhea (drooling) can occur in patients taking

A

anti-cholinesterases (ex. treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease).

43
Q

Skeletal Muscle: Binding of ACh to NM receptor elicits

A

contraction

44
Q

Relaxation occurs when

A

ACh release by the somatic motor neuron and activation of NM receptor stops

45
Q

PNS: bladder (2)

A

M2 Relax sphincter

M3 Constricts detrusor

46
Q

SNS: bladder (2)

A

alpha1 Constricts sphincter

beta2 Relaxes detrusor

47
Q

PNS: GI Tract (2)

A

M2 Relax sphincter

M3 Contracts muscle

48
Q

SNS: GI Tract (2)

A

alpha1 Constricts sphincter

beta2 Relaxes muscle

49
Q

PNS :Salivary Glands

A 
M1 and M3 Stimulates 
lots of watery secretion 
due to contraction of 
myoepithelial cells and 
vasodilation
50
Q

SNS: Salivary Glands (2)

A

alpha1 vasoconstriction and secretion of concentrated saliva
beta1 receptors stimulate secretion of protein

51
Q

anti-cholinergic drugs for the treatment of Parkinson’s Disease can cause

A

Xerostomia

52
Q 
Methamphetamine acts on the α
-adrenergic receptors of the 
vasculature of the salivary 
glands, causing vasoconstriction 
and reducing salivary flow, 
depriving the oral environment 
of saliva's buffering activity to 
counteract acidity and prevent 
demineralization of enamel 
leading to
A

“Meth Mouth”.

53
Q

PNS: vascular smooth muscle/blood

A

NA

54
Q

SNS: vascular smooth muscle/blood

A

alpha1 vasoconstriction
beta2 vasodilation

55
Q

the diameter of most arterioles in the body is not regulated by the PNS, but there are a few exceptions. For example, the PNS (via ACH on Muscarinic Receptors) causes

A

vasodilation of salivary gland arterioles,
which increases blood flow to the salivary glands for secretion of saliva. A few other arterioles that dilate
under PNS control include arterioles of the gastric and intestinal glands.

56
Q

PNS: Heart

A

Keeps HR low (M2)

57
Q

SNS: heart

A

increases HR and contractility (beta 1) and coronary blood flow via vasodilation (beta 2)

58
Q

PNS: lungs

A

predominant tone

constricts bronchial smooth muscle (M3)

59
Q

SNS: lungs

A

relaxes bronchial smooth muscle (beta2)

Physiology (53 decks)

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