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Physiology > Cardio 1 > Flashcards

Cardio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Three principal components of the circulatory system are:

A
  • the heart (the pump)
  • the blood vessels (the pipes)
  • the blood (the fluid to be moved)
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2
Q

Cardiovascular function is regulated by (2), and strongly impacted by —
function.

A

endocrine factors
and autonomic nerves

renal

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3
Q

Number one cause of death worldwide.

A

CVD

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4
Q

Cardiovascular Disease most common symptoms (2)

A

Atherosclerosis and hypertension are most common.

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5
Q

Cardiovascular disease affects many

A

organs (brain, eyes,

kidneys…)

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6
Q

Multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A

smoking,

obesity, diabetes mellitus, genetics…

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7
Q

Systemic Circulation (2)

A

 Supply O2 and nutrients to
tissues
 Remove waste

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8
Q

Pulmonary Circulation (2)

A

 Add O2

 Remove CO2

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9
Q

function of heart valves

A

Keep blood flowing in one direction

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10
Q

heart valve open and close due to

A

change in pressure

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11
Q

Atrioventricular (AV)

Valves (4)

A
  1. Tricuspid (RA/RV)
  2. Mitral/Biscuspid
    (LA/LV)
    PA > PV  open
    PA < PV closed
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12
Q

Semilunar Valves (4)

A 
1. Pulmonary (RV/Pulmon. 
Trunk)
2. Aortic (LV/Aorta)
PV > PArt  open
PV < PArt closed
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13
Q

Two “loops” in the cardiovascular

system:

A

 Systemic and Pulmonary.

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14
Q

Pulmonary loop carries

A

oxygen-poor
blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich
blood back to the heart.

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15
Q

Systemic loop carries

A

oxygen-rich
blood to systemic capillaries and
oxygen-poor blood back to the
heart.

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16
Q

Considered a “— system,” i.e.,

leaks are bad.

A

closed

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17
Q

Arteries

Types: (3)

A

 Elastic Arteries (Heart)
 Muscular Artery (Distribution)
 Arterioles (Capillaries)

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18
Q

Arteries

Function: (2)

A

 Carry blood to tissue capillaries from heart

 Regulate blood pressure(Arterioles)

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19
Q

Veins

Types: (3)

A

Large Veins (Heart)
Medium-Sized Vein (Collection)
Venules (Capillaries)

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20
Q

Veins

Function: (2)

A

 Carry blood to heart from tissue capillaries

 Reservoir of blood (Peripheral Venous Pool; PVP)

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21
Q

Capillaries

Types: (3)

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

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22
Q

Capillaries

Function: (2)

A

Site of exchange

10,000,000,000 capillaries

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23
Q

Pressure (“Hydrostatic”) is the

A

force exerted by a fluid in a tube (mm Hg)

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24
Q

Flow is the

A

volume of fluid moved in a given amount of time (ml/min.)

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25
Q

Resistance is

A

how difficult it is for blood to flow between two points at
any given pressure difference. Resistance is the measure of friction
that impedes flow.

26
Q

Ohm’s Law:

A

F = ΔP/R

(ml/min)=(mmHg)/(Poiseuille)
If ΔP is constant and resistance increases, flow decreases.

27
Q 
Q = ΔP/R
Where:
 Q = 
 ΔP = 
P1 = 
P2 = 
 R =
A

 Q = Volume of blood moved in a
unit of time (L/min.)
 ΔP = Driving force to move blood
through blood vessels
= P1- P2
P1 = pressure generated by heart beat
P2 = drop in pressure as move further from heart, due to
friction
 R = resistance of blood vessels to blood flow
 Controlled by factors defined by Poiseuille’s Law

28
Q

Three factors contribute to cardiovascular resistance: (3)

A

Blood viscosity (n)
Total blood vessel length (l)
Blood vessel radius (r)

29
Q 
Blood viscosity (n)
affected by
A

blood volume and # of RBC (Hematocrit)

30
Q

Total blood vessel length (l)

A

(how much tubing is needed)

31
Q

Blood vessel radius (r) (3)

A

Vasodilated vessels increase r and decrease R,
Vasoconstricted vessels decrease r and increase R
Main contributor to minute-to-minute control of resistance in the vascular system)

32
Q 
--- of 
Vessel is a 
Major 
Determinant of 
Flow
A

Diameter

33
Q 
V = Q/A
Where:
V = 
Q =
A =
A

V = Velocity (cm/min)
Q = Blood Flow (ml/min.)
A = Total Cross Sectional Area
(cm2)

34
Q

AV Valves (3)

A
  1. Tricuspid (RA/RV)
  2. Mitral (Bicuspid) (LA/LV)
    Chordae Tendineae/Papillary
    muscle
35
Q

Seminlunar Valves (2)

A
  1. Aortic SL (LV/Aorta)
  2. Pulmonary SL
    (RV/Pulmon. Trunk)
36
Q

Open/Close due to

A

pressure gradients

37
Q

Function to

A

keep blood

moving in one direction

38
Q

Types of Cardiac Myocytes (cardiocytes, cardiac muscle cells) (2)

A

Conductive Muscle Fibers (Autorhythmic (AR) cells, Pacemaker
cells)
Contractile Muscle Fibers

39
Q

Conductive Muscle Fibers (Autorhythmic (AR) cells, Pacemaker
cells) (4)

A 
 1% of myocytes
 Spontaneously generate AP that lead to heart beat (Excitatory - 
stimulates contractile cells)
 Contract very weakly
 Located in conduction system of heart
40
Q

Contractile Muscle Fibers (3)

A 
 99% of myocytes
 Contract and generate heart beat
 Types
a. Atrial Myocytes
b. Ventricular Myocytes
41
Q

Cardiocytes are — cells

A

striated

42
Q

Functional unit =

A

sarcomere

43
Q

Cardiac muscles anatomy and function similar to

A

skeletal muscle

44
Q

Arteries supplying the myocardium are the — —, and the

blood flowing through them is the

A

coronary arteries

coronary blood flow.

45
Q

Coronary arteries exit from behind the aortic valve cusps and lead to a
branching network of

A

small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and

veins similar to those in other organs.

46
Q

Most of the cardiac veins drain into a single large vein, the — —, which empties into the

A

Coronary Sinus

right atrium.

47
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

 Describes the events during a single heartbeat

48
Q

Systole =

A

Contraction

49
Q

Diastole =

A

Relaxation

50
Q

Cardiac Cycle

Events (3)

A
  1. Atrial Systole
  2. Ventricular Systole/Atrial Diastole
  3. Ventricular Diastole
51
Q

Heart muscle must — before systole can

occur and — before diastole can occur.

A

depolarize

repolarize

52
Q

Excitation (Depolarization) of the Heart/ Conduction System (6)

A 
SA Node
Internodal Pathways
AV node (AV delay of 0.1 sec)
Bundle of His (AV Bundle)
Down Bundle Branches
Up Purkinje Fibers
53
Q

Purkinje fibers also supply

A

papillary muscles; these contract during

ventricular contraction to tighten chordae tendineae and prevent AV valves from prolapsing into the atria

54
Q

Pacemaker Cells (5)

A

 1% Myocardium/Conduction System of Heart
 Spontaneously generate AP leading to Contractile Cell contraction
 The pacemaker cells with the fastest rate of discharge drives the heart
 In general, have high action potential conduction velocities (Exception?)
 Ectopic Focus

55
Q

AV NODE
CONDUCTION
VELOCITY
(METERS/SEC)

A

0.02-0.05

56
Q

ECG

A

Recording of the Electrical Activity of Heart

57
Q

THE WAVES OF AN ECG
• P wave:
• QRS complex:
• T wave:

A
  • P wave: atrial depolarization
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization/atrial repolarization
  • T wave: ventricle repolarization
58
Q

Pacemaker Potential:

AR Cells do not have a steady

A

resting membrane potential

59
Q

Channels of Pacemaker

Potential (2)

A
  1. F type Channels = Voltage
    gated Na+ channel
    2 Ca2+ (T) = transient voltage
    gated Ca++ channel
60
Q

Channels of AP (2)

A

Ca2+ (L) = long lasting voltage
gated Ca++ channel
K+ channel = voltage gated K+
channel

61
Q

NE/β1Adrenergic

A

↑ Po F and Ca++ (T)
Channel open
decrease Time to Threshold
increase HR

62
Q

Ach/Muscarinic

A 
↓ Po F Channel 
↑ Po K+ channel
Hyperpolarize Vm
increase Time to Threshold
decrease HR

Physiology (53 decks)

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