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Geography - Human - Paper 2 > Superpowers - EQ1 - 7.3 > Flashcards

Superpowers - EQ1 - 7.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who are the BRICS nations

A
  • Brazil
  • Russia
  • India
  • China
  • South Africa
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2
Q

……… is re-emerging as a major economic power following the collapse of the ………. in …..

A
  • Russia
  • USSR
  • (1991)
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3
Q

The …. has expanded and become one of the world’s largest……………………….
Its expansion means that it can now compete with ……….. in terms of economic power

A
  • The EU has expanded and become one of the world’s largest economic trading bloc
  • Its expansion means that it can now compete with USA in terms of economic power
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4
Q

List a variety of ways the USA exerts their superpower status

A
  • membership of intergovernmental organisations like the IMF, & Bretton Woods Institutions the World Bank & WTO
  • NATO & status as a nuclear weapon state
  • Americanisation & TNCs
  • Geographical location & population size
  • Political influence, OECD
  • Natural resources & military dominance
  • Outsourcing of manufacturing & telecommunications
  • Developments in space
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5
Q

Why can the BRICS nations not currently rival the USA as an economic superpower

A
  • Their combined GDP in 2014 was US$16.4 trillion - about 8% less than the USA
  • China alone accounts for approximately 60% of the total GDPP of all five BRICs
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6
Q

Why is China the most likely rival to the USA’s current hegemony

A
  • it has huge human resources
  • its economy has grown massively since 1990, and shows few signs of slowing down
  • it increasingly engages with other parts of the world, notably by investing in Africa in terms of mineral resources
  • it has military ambitions to build a blue water navy, operating beyond its coast
  • blue water navy = operates in the open ocean
  • green water navy = operates close to the coast
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7
Q

Across the 20th century, how has the global economy’s most dominant powers changed

A
  • Europe’s and the USA’s share of world GDP has been in decline since about 1945 and 1990 respectively - yet are both still around 20%-
  • Having declined up to 1960, China and India are now becoming increasingly significant to the global economy
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8
Q

What actions of international cooperation is it likely that emerging nations will take

A
  • demand more say in global organisations like the United Nations: there is a case for India having a permanent seat on the UN Security Council
  • have more influence over global financial decision-making at the World Bank, IMF and WTO
  • play a greater role in international peacekeeping missions and disaster response, as their military capacity grows
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9
Q

Who are the MINT nations

A
  • Mexico
  • Indonesia
  • Nigeria
  • Turkey
  • said to be the next economic giants
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10
Q

Who are the ‘Next Eleven’

A
  • The MINTs
  • Iran, Egypt, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines, Vietnam and South Korea
  • a group of eleven countries identified by Goldman Sachs as having the potential to be the largest economies of the 21st century
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11
Q

Who are the Maghreb countries

A
  • Algeria
  • Libya
  • Mauritania
  • Morocco
  • Tunisia
  • Western Sahara
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12
Q

Who are the African Lions

A
  • Ethipia
  • Ghana
  • Kenya
  • Mozambique
  • Nigeria
  • South Africa
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13
Q

Who are the CIVETS

A
  • Columbia
  • Indonesia
  • Vietnam
  • Egypt
  • Turkey
  • South Africa
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14
Q

Why is South Africa sometimes included in the BRIC nations

A
  • its economy is not significant enough, but it was officially made one in 2010
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15
Q

Who are the G20 countries

A
  • Formed in 1999 & meet annually
  • It is made up of 19 countries plus the EU
  • It includes BRICS, MINT, EU, USA & Japan & some potential emerging powers like Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Saudi Arabia & Turkey
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16
Q

What is the cultural influence of the BRICs

A
  • Cultural differences mean there is a lack of common understanding, which limits sharing of experiences
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17
Q

What is the cultural influence of the G20

A
  • Indirectly support the spread of globalisation
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18
Q

What is the economic influence of the BRICs

A
  • They are the only US$1 trillion economies outside of the OECD.
  • Growth rates have slowed down since 2013, and consumer spending is still low due to ageing populations.
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19
Q

What is the political influence of the BRICs

A
  • China has become a ‘mega-trader’ larger than imperial Britain: commodity prices have soared while manufacturing costs have shrunk
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20
Q

What is the military influence of the BRICs

A
  • Increased military expenditure with incursions into South China Sea & NATO airspace, Ukraine and Georgia
  • Direct conflict with NATO would still leave them outmatched.
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21
Q

What is the demographic influence of the BRICs

A
  • Large populations mean a huge labour market and flourishing universities with many science and engineering graduates
  • Working-age population are starting to shrink, and not all countries are creating enough jobs
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22
Q

What is the environmental influence of the BRICs

A
  • Historic rise in greenhouse gas emissions: three of the top four polluters are BRICS countries.
  • Starting to lead the world in renewable energy production, for example, solar panel production in China
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23
Q

What is the economic influence of the G20

A
  • Minimal impact on financial markets because discussions about change happen over a longer time period
  • More money is available for the IMF, to help tackle global recessions
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24
Q

What is the political influence of the G20

A
  • Newer members of the G20 tend not to keep agreements and commitments as seriously
  • Countries have started to share financial information to fight tax evasion, and agreed to monitor one another’s action
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25
Q

What is the military influence of the G20

A
  • The G20 was divided over military action in Syria - Russia and China lead opposition against the USA
  • Some countries are engaged in unilateral military action, for example Saudi Arabia in Yemen
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26
Q

What is the cultural influence of the G20

A
  • Indirectly support the spread of globalisation.
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27
Q

What is the demographic influence of the G20

A

Focused on creating economic growth by encouraging private business to invest in infrastructure; will help to tackle youth unemployment.

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28
Q

What is the environmental influence of the G20

A
  • Agreed a post-recession ‘green stimulus package’ worth US$1.1 trillion and commitment to remove fossil fuel subsidies
  • Have agreed on a need to tackle climate change and good health issues, for example Ebola; hut without committing money or agreeing quantitative targets
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29
Q

What are the strengths of Brazil

A
  • Economic: economy reached US$ 2.6 trillion in 2010, 9th largest GDP
    demographic: 40 million Brazilian population - big market
    Huge natural resources and farming potential
    Modern economic structure
  • Environmental: Amazon rainforest
  • Brazil​
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30
Q

What are the weaknesses of Brazil

A
  • Economic: an economic crisis 2014-17 saw Brazil’s GDP fall by nearly 4%, Economy has boom and bust cycles
  • Political: serious political corruption involving state energy company, limited military strength
  • Environmental: some politicians want to cut down rainforest to boost development
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31
Q

What are the strengths of Russia

A
  • Military: very strong military, both for conventional and nuclear arms
  • Economic and political: rich in resources, especially oil and gas
  • Cultural: effective soft power through manipulation of social media
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32
Q

What are the weaknesses of Russia

A
  • Economic: GDP dependent on oil price: Russia’s GDP shrank from US$2.2 to 1.2 trillion between 2013 and 2018
  • Demographic: very high inequality & ageing population
  • Political: hostility against Russia, including economic sanctions from EU, USA
    *
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33
Q

What are the weaknesses of India

A
  • Economic and political: more than 70% of rural population still live in poverty
  • Economic: weak infrastructure (roads, rail)
  • Environmental and demographic: rapia population growth is causing major environmental damage
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34
Q

What are the strengths of India

A
  • Economic and demographic: huge labour market of 500 million, 7th largest GDP
  • effective training of highly skilled workers, e.g. in IT, finance
  • Demographic: youthful population - 54% of Indians are under 25
  • demographic dividend - will become a large working-age population in the future
35
Q

What are the strengths of China

A
  • Economic: world’s second largest economy in 2018
  • Economic and political: growth in China lifted 800 million people out of poverty, creating a huge market
  • Economic and demographic: educated population, skilled workforce
36
Q

What are the weaknesses of China

A
  • Economic: growth has slowed from 14% per year in 2007 to around 6%
  • Demographic: inequality between urban and rural China, and developed east and less developed west, ageing population
  • Environmental: air and water pollution
  • Unwilling to engage with global problems
37
Q

What are the key political points about India

A
  • Poor relations with some neighbours including China and Pakistan
  • Member of the G20 and UN
  • Largest democracy in the world
  • Has diplomatic relations with 201 nations
38
Q

What are the key political points about Brazil

A
  • Significant corruption throughout Brazil
  • Politically unstable - far right Bolsonaro has recently been voted out and previously impeached president re-elected
39
Q

What are the key economic points about Russia

A
  • 11th largest GDP in the world
  • Decreasing influence over global financial decision making
  • Lack of investment by TNCs and FDIs
  • Significant levels of inequality
40
Q

What are the key political points about Russia

A
  • Reduced global influence
  • Role in supporting President Bashar al-Assad’s regime in Syria
  • Invasion of Ukraine in 2022
41
Q

What are the key economic points about Brazil

A
  • Produces over 50% of South America’s GDP
  • Large amounts of natural resources
42
Q

How influential are the BRICs economically

A
  • Their economic growth has powered the world economy
  • Collectively, the G20 countries make up 85% of global trade
  • Large populations also mean big markets for global commodities
43
Q

How influential are the BRICs politically

A
  • Their economic importance enables them to form alliances
  • & act as an influence group (e.g. New Development Bank),
  • & join global decision-making organisations such as the G20
44
Q

How influential are the BRICs environmentally

A
  • The BRIC countries account for 42% of global carbon dioxide emissions
  • This means a global environment governance agreement to tackle climate change has to involve these countries
  • At the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris in 2015 the BRIC countries were involved in the agreement in a way they had not been when the 1997 Kyoto Protocol was signed, which only involved developed countries
45
Q

Trends of emerging countries
-populations

A
  • Countries with ageing, or even declining populations (Russia, Japan, some EU countries and even China) face major problems in the future in paying for increasingly costly healthcare at the same time as their workforce shrinks
46
Q

Trends of emerging countries
-resources

A
  • Shortages of physical resources could derail the ambitions of some countries (India) whereas growing pollution could stall the growth of others (China)
47
Q

Trends of emerging countries
-infrastructure

A
  • Countries with modern infrastructure, balanced economic sectors and good energy supplies (China, Brazil, Mexico) will do better than ones yet to develop these (India, Indonesia, Nigeria).
48
Q

What is China’s New Silk Road Initiative

A
  • a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013,
  • encompassing land routes (the “Belt”) and maritime routes (the “Road”)
  • with the goal of improving trade relationships in the region primarily through infrastructure investments
  • $900 billion scheme
  • 62 countries could see investments of up to US$500 billion over the next five years
49
Q

Explain the Nicaragua Canal Fiasco

A
  • Drought in Panama meant this was close to coming to fruition
  • a Chinese firm called HKND signed an agreement with the Nicaraguan government, which granted the company a 50-year right to build the canal, renewable for a further 50 years
  • Nicaragua has canceled a concession granted to a Chinese businessman to complete the project which critics said would endanger the environment and displace rural communities
50
Q

Why would the Nicaragua Canal not be successful

A
  • it is unprofitable
  • Aircraft carriers are too large to use the canals, so they are almost completely useless militarily to the U.S. and China
  • from a financial and engineering viewpoint
  • The effort required simply cannot be supplied by the weak Nicaraguan government and an inexperienced private corporation
51
Q

Give 6 possible things which suggest China will be the next superpower

A
  • Navy - 2nd largest military spending
  • Africa investment
  • Energy Trade
  • New Silk Road
  • Nicaragua Canal
52
Q

What are the 3 development theories

A
  • World Systems Theory
  • Frank’s Dependency Theory
  • Modernisation Theory
53
Q

Who is the World Systems theory by

A

Wallerstein

54
Q

What is Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A
  • Theory about capitalist world systems and the development gap
  • He identified two economic areas: core and periphery to explain how successful places maintain economic power, and how new centres develop
  • Wallerstein stressed that development should be viewed globally rather than individually
  • He recognised that the world was three tiered: core regions, semi-periphery regions and periphery regions
55
Q

What are the advantages of Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
-factors in change over time

A
  • recognises the importance of the global economy, which has long-term cycles of booms and recessions
  • Both create opportunities for countries to become emerging powers or for their power and influence to decline, & for countries to move from the periphery to the core - or the other way round - over long periods of time
56
Q

What are the advantages of Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
-fits todays world

A
  • World Systems Theory is a good fit for the current pattern of developed, emerging and developing countries
57
Q

What are the advantages of Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
-complexity

A
  • It highlights the inequality in trading patterns - accepts a more complex system than a single path to development or a core/periphery divide
58
Q

What are the criticims of Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A
  • Too focussed on the economy
  • Insufficient focus on culture
  • It is an analysis of the world’s patterns of power and wealth rather than a detailed explanation of them
59
Q

What are the features of a core reigion

A
  • financed by capital form a wealthy irming economy during the Industrial Revolution
  • lack capital from the prosperous farming sector
  • developed as the world’s first industrial areas during the 18C and 19C
  • It owns and consumes 75% of global goods and services
  • Investment and decision-making remain within the core, maintaining the development gap
  • Countries in this region remain dominant because they own production lines and dictate what is produced and by whom
60
Q

What are the features of a peripheral region

A
  • Cheap labour was often sourced in from the populations in this region
  • The economies of developing countries are typically dominated by exports of primary products & imports of manufactured goods
  • Trade between colonial rulers and colonies was unequal - core regions imported, processed, added value to, and profited from processing primary materials in this region
  • They rely on core regions to exploit their raw materials - result of colonialism
61
Q

Who made developed the Dependency Theory & when

A
  • Frank - a marxist - 1971
62
Q

What is Frank’s Dependency Theory

A
  • Persistent poverty of developing countries is the result of their dependency on developed countries
  • There is an unequal relationship between the developed and developing countries
  • The ex-colonies were still in a state of dependency when they became independent
63
Q

How is the Dependency theory linked to neo-colonialism

A

Primary resources are exported from developing countries to developed countries
The profits from these goods are low
Developing countries do not have the funds to process primary resources which would add value
Developed countries often apply tariffs on processed goods which means that developing countries struggle to export processed goods

64
Q

Dependency Theory

As with the core and periphery theory, the capitalist core deliberately keeps the periphery in a state of …………………. by….

A

As with the core and periphery theory, the capitalist core deliberately keeps the periphery in a state of under-development by exploiting its cheap resources, taking its most skilled workers and selling it manufactured goods.

65
Q

Dependency Theory

The terms of trade remain stacked against developing countries, since ……………………………….. in their markets in Europe, Japan or the USA
This imbalance in the terms of trade remains …………..to developing countries and helps the developed world to support become……….

A

The terms of trade remain stacked against them, since tariffs (or duties) are added to any processed imports in their markets in Europe, Japan or the USA.
This imbalance in the terms of trade remains unfavourable to developing countries and helps the developed world to support become wealthier

66
Q

Dependency Theory

The case that the cause of poverty in developing countries is their reliance on ……

A

developed economies

67
Q

Dependency Theory

It maintains that traditional trade, where …………………………………………..to the developed world, keeps developing countries poor - because they have no opportunity to……………………….
This leaves no profit for investment and countries become trapped in a……………….

A

It maintains that traditional trade, where surplus crops or raw materials (primary products) are produced and sold to the developed world, keeps developing countries poor - because they have no opportunity to process, manufacture and add value to these materials (as secondary products) before selling them.
This leaves no profit for investment and countries become trapped in a vicious cycle of development or poverty.

68
Q

Why is the dependency theory designed to prevent development

A
  1. There is an international division of labour between countries (core countries dominate)
  2. There is also a class distinction (who work together to keep the distinction)
  3. Global capitalism keeps the system going (i.e. World Bank and global media). These do not promote development or equal systems
69
Q

What are the criticisms of the Dependency Theory

A
  • Underdevelopment may be due to internal not external factors
  • NICs have broken free & developed
  • countries are emerging and becoming more developed semi-periphery countries such as Mexico and India
  • does not explain how some developing countries have grown rapidly while others have not
  • it does not deal easily with changing patterns of power
70
Q

Who developed the modernisation theory

A

Rostow - 1960s

71
Q

What is the Modernisation Theory based on

A
  • Based on the study of 15 European countries
72
Q

The Modernisation Theory suggests that all…

A

countries have the potential to break the cycle of poverty and develop through 5 linear stages, & a possible sixth

73
Q

The Modernisation Theory assumes that if enough…

A
  • investment is made in a developing country, industrialisation (‘take-off’) will inevitably occur, giving good returns on the original investment
74
Q

The Modernisation Theory suggest explains why some people support…

A
  • TNC investment in developing countries: it should provide the stimulus for ‘take-off”
75
Q

What are the 6 stages in the Modernisation theory

A
  • Traditional Society
  • Pre-Conditions for take off (transitional stage)
  • Take off
  • Drive to Maturity
  • High mass consumption
  • Post-consumer society
76
Q

Modernisation theory

What is the traditional society

A
  • Based on subsistence farming, fishing, forestry and some mining
  • Technology is lacking and resources are undeveloped
77
Q

Modernisation theory

What is the pre-conditions for takeoff stage

A
  • surpluses are traded through improved infrastructure and shift to manufacturing
  • extractive industries develop
78
Q

Modernisation theory

What is the take off stage

A
  • The introduction and rapid growth of manufacturing industries, better infrastructure, financial investment, political and culture change as part of an industrial revolution
79
Q

Modernisation theory

What is the Drive to Maturity

A
  • New ideas and technology improve and replace older industries, and economic growth spreads through all sectors and areas of a country via diversification
80
Q

Modernisation theory

What is the High mass consumption stage

A
  • consumer orientated society, durable goods production, dominant service sector, higher disposable incomes
  • trade expands & consolidates links
81
Q

Modernisation theory

What is the post-consumer society

A
  • A possible stage where people maximise leisure time at home, locally or abroad, industries are automated, and the intemet creates strong links
82
Q

What are the criticisms of the Modernisation theory
* simplicty

A
  • Model is outdated and too simple
  • Model assumes all countries start at the same point (same resources, population, climate etc.)
83
Q

What are the criticisms of the Modernisation theory
* capital

A
  • Capital is needed to advance from Stage 1 -
  • The model does not show how that capital is obtained: usually a development aid loan.
  • The debt repayments can delay or even prevent a country from reaching Stage 3 and take off
84
Q

What are the criticisms of the Modernisation theory
-colonisation

A
  • Colonialism, and the impact this had on the development of some countries, are not taken into account or are underestimated

Geography - Human - Paper 2 (12 decks)

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