Regeneration - EQ3 - How is regeneration managed? Flashcards
Define Rebranding
- Creating a new look or reputation for an area, often relaying on an area’s industrial past;
- altering the feel and attitude people have towards it
Define reimaging
- Part of a regeneration strategy by changing the image or name of a place and therefore how people view it
Define infrastructure
- The basic physical and organisational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society
Define the Northern Powerhouse
- A proposal to boost economic growth in the North of England particularly in the “Core Cities” of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Sheffield and Newcastle
What is the role of the govt in regeneration with infrastructure investment
- The UK government is responsible for considering the level of inequality across the country as having a disparity between places and regions does not aid the overall development of the country
In 2015, the government tried to readdress the imbalance (attitudes and actions) by developing a so-called ………(1) (Player), where the aim is that….. (2)
- ‘Northern Powerhouse’
- infrastructure will connect major industrial towns and cities in the north.
Describe how different players interact on infrastructure projects
- The national govt often works with local and regional organisations and governance to ensure that infrastructure projects become reality
- Property developers need to work in the right economic conditions, and charities often understand locals
- However, both lack capital finds to reliably generate a return on the initial investment required to start large projects such as these
- Large top-down projects can help diverse places across the Uk and other countries, but there are always concerns about their effect on local people and the natural environment
Explain how infrastructure investment suhc as aiprot development can regenrate regions & stimulate economuc growth via National governments
- The expansion of Heathrow Airport (building a third runway) is expected to cost just under £20 billion (which would be privately funded) and potentially create 70,000 jobs
- However, many MPs, local residents and environmental NGOs oppose the project as it will increase traffic travelling through Heathrow and pollution
The government is planning …………………………. known as HS2
- a new high-speed rail network, from London to Birmingham and to Manchester and Leeds
How much is HS2 expected to cost
£56 billion
What will the first stage of HS2 cut journey times from
- From December 2026, will cut Birmingham-London journey times from 1hr 21min to 49min
What are the negative environmental consequences of HS2
- The Wildlife Trusts say both phases directly affect nature reserves and wildlife sites which could lead to a net loss in biodiversity
What are the positive environmental consequences of HS2
- HS2 will cut emissions, improve air quality and support a net-zero carbon economy
What are the negative social consequences of HS2
- The planned route will pass right through the Chilterns inwhich there will be no intermediate stations, so communities along the route will not gain from it
- mental health issues for those displaced
- memorial monument neeeded for reburials
What are the positive social consequences of HS2
- improved journey times between major cities
- businesses along the network would benefit
What are the negative economic consequences of HS2
- £71 billion could have been invested elsewhere, & the poor managment of teh project means inflationary prieces has escalated the costs durastically
What are the positive economic consequences of HS2
- A government report in 2008 estimated that by 2025 road congestion would cost the UK £22 billion each year in lost time
- 60,000 construction jobs created
- govt expects the Old Oak station to be transformed to support some 20,000 new jobs as an interchange station
The projected expense of £71 billion is viewed as an investment, because the government will gain:
- franchising fees from train companies to run services
- an economic multiplier - i.e. growth - which should result from the improved transport links generating higher company profits, and also jobs, from which the government will receive taxation revenue.
What are the financial limitations to HS2
Govt can only afford it
- HS2 is too expensive for private companies to invest in (HS2’s estimated cost in 2015 was £56 billion, now projected to be £71 billion
due to a 2 year setback & inflation - Its scale is massive, so only govt could faciliate such widespread cooperation
What are the financial limitations to HS2
Private sector needs help
- As a service, transport rarely makes a profit, so although UK rail services are privatised, central government subsidised them by £3.8 billion in 2015
- Without those subsidies, the existing rail companies would operate at a loss
- So, if private companies can’t afford to build HS2, central government is left as the only organisation able to provide sufficient capital
HS2 was necessary because…
- road-building programs would not suffice
- most rail routes are close to capacity
The UK has a number of ………………… that are important in the context of regeneration
planning policies
UK Planning policies which are important for regeneration
Greenbelt
- Greenbelt land, which surrounds most larger cities, cannot be built on
- It is protected green space, usually farmland
UK Planning policies which are important for regeneration
Conservation zones
Conservation areas like National Parks have strict planning regulations that limit the development of all but small-scale residential and commercial schemes
UK Planning policies which are important for regeneration
Planning permission
- Planning permission is often dependent on a scheme including ‘planning gain’ in other words a scheme for new private homes might be given permission if it includes a certain percentage of affordable homes or improvements to existing roads or parks paid for by the developer
UK Planning policies which are important for regeneration
Planning laws
- Planning laws allow for some developments that are in the national interest such as fracking for shale gas, or quarrying, or new road building, even when these would not normally be allowed
UK Planning policies which are important for regeneration
House building
- National house-building targets set at 240,000 new homes per year in 2007 and revised to 200,000 per year for 2010-2015 (these targets are never met.)
Describe statistically the current housing shortage in the UK
- shortage of 500,000 new homes by 2016
- 240,000 homes need to be built each year to meet current demand
- For the last ten years, only 100,000-150,000 new homes have been built each year
Why is the need for extra housing urgent in the UK
-more afforable housing
- 1980s - Right to Buy scheme, leaving a shortage of suitable properties for those on low incomes
- large amounts of social housing was bought by their occupants for considerably less than their market value
- Millions of houses were sold under this scheme. However, too few houses were built to replace them
- In 2017 the government spent £25b on housing benefits which is 10% of the entire welfare budget
Why is the need for extra housing urgent in the UK
-large number of derelict properties
- Large numbers of empty, derelict properties - especially in the inner city, where brownfield land is more expensive to develop than greenfield
- Lots of private companies and investors buy this land and sit on it until either the land price increases or they get planning permission to build on it
Why is the need for extra housing urgent in the UK
-overseas investors
- Overseas investors buying properties in the UK has seen house prices rise
- Investor visas attract wealthy individuals e.g Russian Oligarchs who can afford multiple high value properties in elite locations
- Many properties are left empty or are rented out
Why is the need for extra housing urgent in the UK
-2nd homes
- Increasing numbers of affluent people have bought second properties to rent out as an investment
- rise in buy-to-let properties, decreased availability on the property market
- poses difficulties to first-time buyers
Why does the intervention of national governments in regeneration make eleasing new land for housing very hard to achieve
- Planning laws like greenbelt policy make releasing new land for housing very hard to achieve
- Most demand is actually in the South and East, the areas with the least capacity to find new land for housing
- Lack of ability to build new housing can prevent economic development and regeneration by limiting the opportunities for new people to move into an area
Define fracking
- The process of drilling down into horizontal layers of shale deep underground
- & then injecting a mixture of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into the shale to fracture it & release gas trapped in the rock,
- which can then be brought to the surface
Explain the UK’s decision decision to allow fracking to improve energy security
- UK govt has the power to make decisions affecting development via the planning laws
- Central govt has been attracted by the perceived benefits of fracking, which could add to the UK’s home-produced natural gas supplies and reduce the need for imported gas
In what way does fracking display government action prioritise naational over local needs & opinions
- housing developments & National Parks
- Local opposition occurs in every location where test drilling to find shale gas occurs
- drilling is increasing but the public are more opposed to shale gas than any other energy source
What is known about the UK’s total shale gas reserves
- size of the UK’s total shale gas reserves is unknown
- the British Geological Survey estimated in 2012 that known reserves would not even provide a single year’s supply
What are the alternative government policies that have contributed to housing shortages
- Immigration
- Deregulation
- Second homes and holiday homes
Explain the other govt policies contributing to housing shortages
Immigration
- Large-scale immigration from the EU, contributed to increasing the UK population from 59 million in 2001 to 63 million by 2011.
- An open-door immigration may have economic benefits but it also creates demand for new houses
Explain the other govt policies contributing to housing shortages
Deregulation
- UK is very open to FDI
- In 2016, the Guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens
Explain the other govt policies contributing to housing shortages
Second homes and holiday homes
- There are few restrictions in the UK on people buying houses to rent out
- In some rural areas a large percentage of houses may not be available to local people
What significant financial change was made in 1986 but the conservative government
the UK’s financial sector was to be deregulated
What changes did deregulation make resulting in a new era of prosperity for the UK’s financial sector
- Instead of the London Stock Exchange having a monopoly on all share dealings, any bank, financial adviser, individuals - could trade in shares
- It opened up the freedom of individuals to invest
- Barriers stopping overseas banks and other financial institutions from setting up offices in London were also removed as until then, only UK banks could trade there
What were the consequences of 1986 deregulation for the UK economy
- Deregulation allowed foreign investors to invest in the UK without seeking UK government approval
- The results transformed the UK’s economy to the extent that banking, finance and business services now account for 30% of the UK’s GDP (compared to just 15.5% in 1986)
What are the long-term consequences of housing shortages for London investment
- There is a risk that very high house prices will prevent investment in some locations
- UK-based or foreign investors could be put off from investing in areas were housing for workers could be very expensive
Most planning decisions are made by (1) at local level
Councils draw up plans, called (2)
- Local Councils
- Unitary Development Plans
What do Unitary Development plans identify
- areas for new housing
- new roads and other major infrastructure
- areas for commercial development, i.e. factories, offices and retail
What are the aims of Unitary Development Funds
- to create environments that are attractive to both people and businesses (UK-based or foreign investors)
- provide a range of spaces such as retail parks and shopping centres business parks for office functions, and industrial parks for manufacturing and distribution
- to attract high-value quaternary industry in fields such as ICT, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, nanotechnology, 3D printing and space research
What are the responsibilities of the local government
Competing for investment
- Designating areas for development for domestic and foreign investors (science parks)
- Examples;
- Cambridge and Oxford Science Parks
What are the responsibilities of the local government
Local decision making
- Interest groups play a key role in decision making about regeneration - often tensions between groups that wish to preserve urban environments and those that seek change.
- Examples; Aylesbury, Bermondsey Blue BID
What are the responsibilities of the local government
Strategies
- Adopting different strategies to attract investment
- Examples - Sport led- Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, public-private diversification-Powys Regeneration Partnership
What is a science park
- key planning mechanism to deliver local govt strategies
- industrial and business parks focussed on the quaternary industry and usually involve at least one university partner
- There are over 100 science parks and business incubators (smaller sites, for start-up companies) in the UK, owned by TNCs, universities and local councils
- Perhaps not surprisingly, most are in London, the South and South East
A Science Park is a business support and technology transfer initiative that encourages & supports…
- the start up and incubation of innovation-led, high-growth, knowledge-based businesses
A Science Park is a business support and technology transfer initiative that provides an environment where….
- larger and international businesses can develop specific and close interactions with a particular centre of knowledge creation for their mutual benefit
A Science Park is a business support and technology transfer initiative that has links…
- that are formal and operational, with centres of knowledge creation such as universities, higher education institutes and research organisations
How are science parks trying to attract inward investment - Oxford
- Pleasant environment - modern buildings and facilities, emphasis on well being
- Established community of epoeple and companies of all types
- Focused on science, technology and business services - using cutting-edge technology
- Using reputation of Oxford and well known college Magdalen
- Continuing development and innovation
How are science parks trying to attract inward investment - Cambridge
- Emphasis on science and technology
- Parkland and wellbeing, social services provided on site
- Entrepreneurial
- Community and networks
- Using reputation of Trinity College
What are some stats about Oxford’s science park
- 90 companies
- 3,500 employees
- 75 acres
What are some stats about Cambridge’s science park
- 130 companies
- 7,250 employees
- 152 acres
- 30% foreign-owned companies
- Quaternary sector including biotech, defence, communications
Regeneration in the 21st century is about partnerships between the ……………………….. sectors
- public and private
Explain how regeneration in the 21st century is about partnerships between public & private sectors
- Often public money from taxes is used as a pump-priming mechanism to ‘lever in’ private investment
What is pump-priming
- using money from national and local governments to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies can choose to invest
List some of the possible players key to both public & private regeneration
- Chambers of Commerce
- Trade unions
- Education
- Local groups
How are Chambers of Commerce key to both public & private regeneration
- these organisations represent business and industry in a local area, and persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training
How are trade unions key to both public & private regeneration
- their jobs is to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions; their support is important to many companies that want good worker-manager relationships
How is education key to both public & private regeneration
- schools, further and higher education establishments provide the skilled workers modern business need so they are key partners
How are local groups key to both public & private regeneration
- regeneration and development involves change, so local environmental groups, historical preservation societies and even wildlife groups need to be involved so that change does not lead to negative local consequences
What are the 5 main regeneration strategies used to regenerate an area
- Retail-Led Plans
- Tourism and Leisure led regeneration
- Sport-Led Regeneration
- Rural Diversification
- Culture- Led Regeneration
Describe regeneration strategies
Retail-led plans
- Local authorities decide on changes of use of buildings and can influence shop types and locations
- competition with out of town centres and internet shopping
- Govt actions in 2015 included allowing more click-and-collect locations, pop-up shops, encouraging street markets, changes in business rates to help smaller ones compete with chains
- An increased interest in specialist retailers and leisure means high streets offer a more proserous variety
Describe regeneration strategies
Tourism & Leisure led regeneration
- There is a great diversity in types, ranging from informal individual households offering B&B, custom-built private centres such as Centre Parcs, purpose built leisure complexes in towns and cities and seaside resorts
- It is a volatile industry, however, dependent on the weather, its image and fast changes in preference which may reflect developments in technology, social forums and websites such as TripAdvisor and terrorist attacks
Describe regeneration strategies
Sports-led regeneration
- Spinoff from the construction and running stages of a major sporting event and associated jobs, infrastructure and buildings
- This may be by one off or regular events such as World Cups, Olympic Games and Commonwealth games, or the building of long-running facilities like stadiums
Describe regeneration strategies
Rural diversification
- Approx half of all farms of diversified ctivity in their farming business to boost income, dependant on location, land type and entrepreneurial aspirations of landowners
- Grants are available from Defra’s Rural Development
- Programme, commercial banks, charities, the National Trust and the EU common agricultural policy
What are the 3 types of rural diversification
- Agriculture Based - Selling specialist produce e.g cheeses, Pharmaceutical crops, biofuels, vineyards and farming unusual animals (llamas)
- Non-agricultural - Tea shops, offices, campsites, leisure activities.
- Environmental Schemes - Planting woodland
Describe regeneration strategies
Culture-led regeneration
- Often the background for many different strategies, from City of Culture and some music festivals, flagship arenas and art galleries, to small conservation areas and ‘cultural quarters’ in cities
- Some have marketed place associations
- Demand from people wanting to visit places either associated with the life or works of famous authors, musicians and painters, which has been exploited by local councils and private tourism providers
What are the priorties for the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park sports-led regeneration
- remove temporary venues implement new infrastructure to ensure a lasting legacy
What are the principal strategies for the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park sports-led regeneration
- 2,800 flats & 7,000 additional homes of the dge of the park
- retail development
- regional train stations
- leisure & sporting facilities
- 25,000 new jobs
What role does the govt play in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park sports-led regeneration
- Building the reputation of the Culture and Education District needs to start well in advance of the institutions opening their doors – and indeed has already started, with publicity secured at key programme milestones
- such as securing Government funding
Which other players are involved in the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park sports-led regeneration
- Newham borough council have to make London aquatic centre as affordable as possible
- & in coop with London Legacy Development Corporation are resposnible for development for the rest of this century
- UCL & London college of fashion intend to have campuses here
- cancer research & TFL providing jobs
What are the priorities for the Powys (rural) regeneration partnership
- Powys council, taking up both North & South Welsh regions, & wants to exploit this region of beautiful landscape in order to make the most of opportunities for green tourism
- to build an expertise in renewable energy
- to develop a low carbon green economy around wind & water
What role does the local govt play in Powys regenration partnership
- Powys Council wants to exploit this region of beautiful landscape in order to make the most of opportunities for green tourism
- expansion of the agricultural industry through food and the creative industries
- aim to build an expertise in renewable energy,& to develop a low carbon green economy around wind and water
- Powys suffers from a skills shortage
many jobs are part of a low wage economy
What are the principle strategies for the Powys regeneration partnership
-business stimulus
- EU structural funds have been used to encourage more competitive businesses to grow, rejuvenating a local Chamber of Commerce
- Initiatives for better high-speed broadband to encourage small business formation and growth diversifying the economy
What are the principle strategies for the Powys regeneration partnership
-using the rural communities strengths
- Establishing transition towns in Machylleth - locally based royalty cards and local currency protect the unique characteristics that bring vitality to the local community.
- Harnessing local skills such as the estimated 26,000 volunteers, contributing £173 million to the local economy
What are the principle strategies for the Powys regeneration partnership
-housing strategies
- With £30 million improving the energy efficiency of housing stock, reversing out-migration of young people and business owners make homeworking more realistic
Which other players are involved in the Powys Regeneration Partnership
- The Cambrian Mountains Initiative and Eco Dyfi are both initiatives encouraging carbon storage and water regulation, in light of extreme weather
Which other players are involved in the Powys Regeneration Partnership
-knowledge economy
- The Green Investment Bank is making £1 billion of finance available for research and development, including two 100,000,000 pounds for low carbon technology and £860 million of incentives to encourage renewable heat
Which other players are involved in the Powys Regeneration Partnership
-broadband
- Better investment in ICT has already started to come through the Carmarthenshire Community Broadband Partnership
- Installing two broadband mass to address black spots as well as Powys connections programs to provide advice and grant funding to micro businesses wishing to specialize in ICT services
What significant changes did Aylesbury undergo during the 20th century
- historic market town since the 16th century
- mid 20th century - grew substantially becoming an overspill destination for London families with major secondary sector
- Large council estates built to house workers & city centre demolished to build new shops & facilities
Why was Aylesbury in need of regeneration
- However by 1990s all the large employers had gone, leaving the city centre partially abandoned & unattractive to the wealthier commuters taking up residents in the affluent neighbouring villages
Whilst the initiative receives financial support from the……………………., proposals are submitted by local authorities working in partnership with ………………..
- central government
- private companies
Which stakeholders have influenced the regeneration of Aylesbury
-council
- Aylesbury Vale District Council - the Waterside redevelopment project began in 2003 with a canal basin regeneration scheme to replace declining facilities
Which stakeholders have influenced the regeneration of Aylesbury
-EA
- The development was delayed by the Environment Agency because of contamination of the land, some of which had been the site of a coal fired power station and an oil depot in the past
Which stakeholders have influenced the regeneration of Aylesbury
-campaigners
- Local organizations, such as the Aylesbury Society campaigned for the local council to preserve some of the listed buildings and convert them into hotels and restaurants
What are the regeneration priorities for Aylesbury in the 21st century
-shops & facilities
- £47 million Waterside Theater opened in 2010
- Campus of Bucks New University, the first tertiary education provider in the town, was established
- The Exchange opened in March 2019: first purpose-built mixed restaurant, commercial and residential development and includes 47 flats as well as a stunning new public space featuring unique and contemporary artwork
What are the regeneration priorities for Aylesbury in the 21st century
-green space
- Garden Town communities, promoted by the government as a means to work towards the new housing targets in smaller towns and cities.
- Which prioritises strong local engagement, accessible and sustainable transport options and generous green space
Why is rebranding important
- This is important because successfully regenerated places become locations people want to live in, work in and visit as well as making them more attractive to investors
What different types of media are used to rebrand an area
- Positive news stories and public relations during regeneration to get an area known
- Advertising in newspapers and onlines
- The use of logos and slogans to project an image to the outside world
Describe Liverpool Waters rebranding
- Liverpool Waters covers 2km of waterfront with plans for:
- 9000 flats, shops, office space, a new cruise terminal and cultural buildings designed to attract Chinese businesses, reflecting the twinning of the city with Shangha
- The flagship 55 storey Shanghai tower will be the tallest skyscraper outside of London
………………….. have become especially important in a media-obsessed world, so is important fo rebranding
- Logos and slogans
How much will Liverpool Waters rebranding cost
5.5 billion
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
Aims to transform perceptions of Liverpool by building Liverpool water
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
-City Council rebranding company,
Liverpool Vision
- Aims to transform perceptions of Liverpool by building Liverpool water
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
-Property developers, Peel
- Regeneration a 60 hectare historic dockland site to create a world-class, high quality, mixed use waterfront quarter; ‘a Waterfront for the World’
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
-Architects Journal, July 2015
- ENESCO wants a moratorium on the scheme because of the potential damage it could cause the existing World Heritage Site
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
-Local Press: Liverpool Echo
- Property giant Peel will start the development of the £5.5 billion Liverpool Waters scheme and seek other developers in China for the 30 year project
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
-Local Blog: YoLiverpool!
Who cares, and who needs their (UNESCOs) approval or our city, anyway? I’m all for it, if it leads to jobs, etc.
Different perspectives on Liverpool Waters’ rebranding
Heritage sites
- Scheme is opposed by heritage groups concerned that it will diminish the Unesco-protected world heritage site, with its grade I listed buildings
- the scheme “has the potential to harm the setting of internationally important historic buildings on the waterfront”
What are the benefits of Cultural Regeneration
- Most projects use disused industrial brownfield land, which is sustainable
- Retail and cultural projects can benefit all - increased local facilities, rising local reputation, new job opportunities, celebration of different faiths
What are the risks of Cultural Regeneration
- Due to the scale of some projects (trying to improve the entire city of Belfast, for example), improvements may be long-term and not immediately benefit the locals
Urban Cultural Regen
Why was the Titanic Quarter, Belfast (Northern Ireland) in need of regeneration
- Belfast itself has suffered from sociopolitical unrest since the 1960s
- Although this ended formally in 1998, the Troubles have continued to limit investment from outside
Cultural Regen
What has the sustainable re-branding & regeneration in The Titanic Quarter, Belfast (Northern Ireland) focused on
- Seeking sustainability, the city is looking to the postindustrial world with a range of re branding strategies:
- £4.9 million project to transform the Titanic Quarter into a four star hotel
- The two Harland and Wolff gantry cranes are still in use as the old dry docks are now used to construct offshore wind turbines
- The older ‘Paint Halls’ have found use as a film studios
- Private investment into aircraft at Belfast City Airport
- The Northern Ireland Science Park nearby had Intel investing in the IT and software industry, and this is helping to raise aspirations for young people in east Belfast, enrolling in Belfast Metropolitan College
Cultural Regen
To what extent has re-imaging played an important role in the successful regeneration of The Titanic Quarter, Belfast (Northern Ireland)
- The old White Star Line logo has been incorporated into the design
- The center welcomed a million visitors in its 1st year of opening, 70% of them from outside NI, and who principally came to visit the Titanic Quarter
- The project won the top prize in the UK regeneration and Renewal Awards in 2012
- £105 million made additional tourism had resulted, sustaining 893 additional jobs in the Belfast economy
Give 3 examples of the UKs most successful cultural-led regeneration
- The regeneration of East London in the aim of hosting the international Olympics and Paralympics, creating high quality sports facilities
- Many retail parks are built on disused industrial land, e.g Liverpool Water
- The rebranding of some declining cities - Belfast, Glasgow, Blackpool - to attract investment, tourism and inward migration
Rural Cultural Regen
Why does Cornwall nned to be rebranded
- Cornwall’s new quaternary ‘knowledge economy’ is small, whilst its biggest industry is tourism, a tertiary activity —> low-wage, part-time and seasonal
- Cornwall’s old primary economy’has declined —> loss in year-round, permanent jobs
- It is a post-production countryside
Rural Cultural Regen
What types of rebranding have been used in Cornwall
- farm diversification & the sale of specialised products - many farm shops now sell ‘Cornish’ food products
- ‘foodie’ restaurants at Padstow e.g Jamie Oliver’s ‘Fifteen’ —> destination tourism location
- spectacular gardens, which are the result of Cornwall’s mild climate, plays ofr to Victorian ancestors, who explored overseas and brought back sub-tropical plants e.g Lost Gardens of Heligan
- outdoor pursuits and adventure activities e.g Watergate Bay near Newquay
Rural Cultural Regen
How successful has Cornwall’s regeneration strategies been
- Each of these strategies attracts both domestic and international tourists
- Whilst Cornish foods tend to attract a domestic market, many German, French and Dutch tourists are attracted by Cornwall’s gardens
- Watergate Bay and Newquay’s beaches regularly host the international Northern Hemisphere surfing championships - attracting participants from Australia, New Zealand and the USA
Define destination tourism
- The decision to visit an area for a short period, based on a single attraction e.g. a wish to visit a particular restaurant or attraction
- Other nearby places then receive visitors on the back of this
How is Cornwall a culture-led regeneration project
- Many overseas visitors come to trace their Cornish ancestry
- Cornwall’s heritage and literary ‘branding’ are among its assets - as is its scenery, which is often used in film productions
What is Rural-Proofing
- Governments increasingly seen as a facilitator and enabler rather than a provider or manger
- ‘Rural proofing’ is carried out, meaning checks in the design, development, and review stages of national and local policies
How is DEFRA a key player in rural-regeneration
- works with a range of partners including local govt networks, civil society organisations, local action groups, business groups, charities such as the national trust
- & organisations like the Rural Coalition which includes the NFU and CPRE
- Seventeen rural and farming networks have been created in England to help organise rural polices
Name 3 policies the govt can intervene with in regeneration
- Migration
- Deregulation
- Creating local enterprise zones
Explain a policy the govt can intervene with in regeneration
-migration
- A government may encourage international migration to fill gaps in employment or attract wealthy individuals through Investor visa schemes
- It may be necessary for a government to restrict migration to avoid strain on public services
Explain a policy the govt can intervene with in regeneration
-deregulation of markets
- By deregulating, a government removes its control over a particular industry or service
- This may mean private companies purchase previously state-owned businesses (privatisation) or sudden competition between businesses accelerates
Explain a policy the govt can intervene with in regeneration
-Creating business environments
- The creation of specialised industry parks can encourage businesses to move to a region or new start-up businesses
- Investors may be domestic (local) or international, depending on the attraction to the region: workforce available, technology available, reputation
Describe how Cornwall qualifies for regional aid
- To attract investment, Cornwall has to compete with other areas that qualify for government Regional Aid (given to companies that wish to invest there)
- All of these areas were recognised by the EU as being less economically advantaged, and would therefore qualify for government assistance and investor incentives through funding from the EU towards moving or set-up costs
- The areas concerned include parts of the UK’s ‘periphery’
What investment does Cornwall receive within the general umbrella of regional aid
- Specific Enterprise Zones which attract particular forms of aid
- Rather than simply trying to attract any business anywhere,
- Enterprise Zone incentives are focused into small areas, which can then be ‘branded to attract particular companies and organisations
What are the investor incentives to local enterprise zones
- council business tax discounts of up to 100% for every business (up to a limit of €160 000 per year) for up to five years - could help to pay for the creation of five new jobs
- a planning-free environment, in which no planning permission is needed for building (beyond the normal building regulations required for safety)
- the provision of superfast broadband
