Migration - EQ2 - 1.5 Nationalism in the Modern World Flashcards
Define nationalism
- based on people’s identification with a nation in the belief that they share a common identity, language, history & customs that bind them together
- they tend to promote their country & are prepared to defend it even to extend boundaries
How has nationalism led to beliefs in expansionism
As European nations industrialised their nations expanded, and the competition of this added to strength of nationalism
How was nationalisation led to the disintergration of Empires & formation of nation states
- independence movements in many colonies gained strength after WW2
- could no longer afford the administrative costs of running empires
- cold war superpowers USA & USSR ideologically opposed to empires & used their influence to help oppressed people liberate themselves
- the support for indepedndence & the inability of colonial powers to stop liberalism movements led to the rapid formation of nation states
Explain how changes to migration patterns has changed the ethnic composition of nations & cultural heterogeneity in the modern world
- Waves of migrants from India and Pakistan arrived after the Windrush Generation
- They were recruited in a variety of different employment sectors e.g. manufacturing, doctors and nurses
- London and the major conurbations attracted most migrants due to their wider availability of work and housing
- Chain migrations –> migration from particular countries or even parts of countries settle in the same area –> ethnic enclaves and cultural mosaic of people from different ethnicities
- UK moved from relative homogeneity to a more heterogeneous mix of peoples
Explain how nationalism affects modern legacies in the modern world
- there is a strong correlation between former territories of past colonial rulers & the languages tsill spoken there
- for example - 40 ethnic groups in Uganda, but English is the national language
- British, France & Portugese place names architecture & customs still survive in many African countries
What power shift happened in teh French Revolution
- removed absolute power of the French Monarchy & palces power in the hands of ordinary citizens
What changes were made out of nationalism in the french revolution
- a new national government made laws that applied to everyone equally & standardised form of french wad taught across the country to replace local dialects
What changes happened in French national identity following the rveolution
- Loyalty towards France as a nation grew and a new national identity emerged
What were the negative aspects of nationalism aggrevated in the French Revolution
- Napoeleons hopes to extend French control across Europe & military ventures while boosting partiotism
- this did provoke anger across Europe - Nationalism in Russia & Austria
Why is placing borders on states complicated
- ethnic, linguistic, religious & cultural aspects
Give a timeline of the mergence of people’s identity aligning with Europe and national identity second
- End of 19th Century – Most of the European states that we know today had emerged in one form or another
- Late 20th and early 21st Century – Closer economic and political ties were created which has diluted the importance of national borders.
- 1993 - creation of EU free movement of goods and capital
- 28 EU states share formal political, legal and economic ties, and their populations can move freely between them –> many EU citizens now consider themselves to e European firs and their national identity second.
Explain how there has been shifting European boundraies in the 19th century
- Post WW1 – tensions grew when national boundaries were shifted again and new countries were created from the former Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
(e.g. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria) - 1920 – nation states, such as Poland, had taken over former German territory; ethnic Germans were now scattered in foreign territories.
- Hitler re-incorporated most of the territories - invasion of Poland triggered WW2
What led to direct British Rule over India
- trade & political influence over a large part of Inida by the East India company led to the direct Britsih rule over most of the continenet - known as the Raj
How did the British empire lead to growing conflicts
- Britain overtook France & Spian as a superpower creating international tensions
How did Britain exploit and expedite their power in India
- internal tensions within india –> rebellision against the east india company in 1857 led to Britsih govt taking over direct political control
- while this did lead to growing independece
- Armistar massacre of hundreds of unarmed protestors sedated Indian nationalism
how did British Empire negatively impact India
- 1946 India was offered complete independence
- This led to the partitioning of the muslim majority east and west of pakistan
- & the Hindu majority India to prveent conflict
- didnt work!!
What is meant by Wind of Change
- 1960 PM Macmillan
- colonial rule of Sub-Saharan African gardually gave up political control to new independent governments
What led to the Windrush generation
- post ww2 –> labour shortages —> migration
- 1948 –> British Nationality Act gave all commonwelath citizens the right to British Citizenship meaning they could legally settle in the UK
- this meant UK emploeyrs could recruit workers in areas in vacancies like NHS
- many had been educated as British citizens & were from Barbados & Trinidad who were former colonies of Britain
What are the advantages of the disinetrgration of empires
- empires helped create nationalism in their colonies
- indepednence movements brought people togetehr who otherwise would not have much in common
- recognosing & promoting sa=shared history & special qualities of the nations people
What are the disadvanatges of the disintergration of empires
- people resented being controlled
- British govt lleft without establishing seure governments
- economies of former colonies had been constructed to supply raw materials and were more industrialised
- superpowers capitalised with neo-colonial relationships which increases corruption
What were the evnts that led to French Independece for Vietnam
- Vietnam was colonised by France and was part of French Indochina.
- Increasing area of land owned by absentee landlords used for cash crops such as coffee, tea and rice which were exported.
- Many native Vietnamese were poor, with little access to education or healthcare.
- The Vietnamese war resulted in defeat for South Vietnam in 1975 and a united and independent country officially named the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
How did new borders emerge as a result of conflict in Vietnam
- Vietnamese nationalists challenged French rule from 1945. Ho Chi Minh rose to become charismatic leader.
- Vietnam was divided into two countries (North and South Vietnam) along the 17th parallel; North Vietnam was controlled by nationalists with the support of China.
- The USA was worried about the spread of communism in Asia and sent their military to support South Vietnam from 1961 onwards.
What divides emerged in teh 20th century in Sudan
- Northern Sudan modernised by Britain and Egypt, thus it became more prosperous than southern Sudan –> Britain’s divide & rule policy pitted Sudanese people against eachother
- People of southern Sudan poorer as it was left to tribal communities to govern
When was independence granted in Sudan
- Sudan became independent in 1956 but there was civil war in the country both before and after this date -
- South Sudan became an independent state in 2005 and a new country in 2011
How were historical borders decided in Sudan
- Original borders drawn up by 1884-5 Berlin Conference which was for the benefit of colonial powers;
- Britain in the case of Sudan –> Sudan divided into N & S territories based on ethnic characteristics
What have been the knock on effects of Vietnam War
- 7 million tons of US bombs
- Chemical weaponry is highly damaging
- 1 million vietnamese soldiers died
What have been the knock on effects of colonial intervention in Sudan
- Differences between more prosperous north and less developed, poorer south caused tension and war –> civil wars 1856-72 & 1983-2005
- Government has forced tens of thousands to leave their homes and take refuge elsewhere.
- Famine due to extensive drought has added to the country’s difficulties.
