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Geography - Human - Paper 2 > Regeneration - EQ4.12 - Rural Regeneration Cornwall > Flashcards

Regeneration - EQ4.12 - Rural Regeneration Cornwall Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is rural regeneration more difficult than urban

A
  • Low average incomes are typical of large bands of rural Britain
  • They have a lower population density → unable to maintain sufficient customers to make a profit
  • Private investors prefer to invest in urban areas rather than rural areas
  • Rural areas being left with a ‘brain-drain’ where the young, well qualified residents leave to find well-paid employment elsewhere
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2
Q

Who are the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

A
  • The EU
  • UK Central Govt Agencies
  • Local Govt
  • Stakeholders in the local economy
  • Environmental Stakeholders
  • Stakeholders in people
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3
Q

Describe the role of the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

The EU

A
  • Convergence funding has been granted to Cornwall since 1999 through Objective One
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4
Q

Describe the role of the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

UK Central Government

A
  • Before it was abolished in 2010, the South West Regional Development Agency made investment grants that came from central government
  • Most investment grants have been cut and are now given out directly by central government
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5
Q

Describe the role of the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

Local Government

A
  • Cornwall Council has had no start-up funding to offer potential businesses since 2010
  • Offers rebates on business taxes in its Enterprise Zones at Newquay
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6
Q

Describe the role of the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

Environmental Stakeholders

A
  • Cornwall’s biggest asset is its scenery and environment
  • The National Trust, Royal Horticultural Society and English Heritage all own large areas of land
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7
Q

Describe the role of the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

Stakeholders in the local economy

A
  • The biggest players are the banks, which have cut back their investment in small businesses since the banking crisis of 2008
  • The biggest industries in Cornwall are tourism, food and farming
  • They want greater economic expansion
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8
Q

Describe the role of the key players in Cornwall’s regeneration

Stakeholders in education

A
  • worked to increase the available range of university courses - Combined Universities in Cornwall
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9
Q

How is the process of rural regeneration different to urban
-planning permission

A
  • With concern over the environment, growing planning permission for rural areas can be harder to get then in a run-down urban area
  • It is especially difficult to get permission in National Parks
  • NPA may not approve new building in order to preserve the landscape, even if the building would be good for rebranding.
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10
Q

How is the process of rural regeneration different to urban
-less funding

A
  • Rural locations in need of rebranding are unlikely to generate as much money as urban areas as not many people will visit
  • There is less interest from “big business” but there are exceptions, for example energy developers like NP and Wind Farms
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11
Q

How does Top-Down Regeneration work

A

Decisions made by authorities or agencies and imposed on particular people and places.

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12
Q

What are the advantages of Top-Down Regeneration

A

it is strategic in nature and offers a co-ordinated strategy

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13
Q

What are the disadvantages of Top-Down Regeneration

A
  • Local communities in both rural and urban environments may feel isolated from the decision-making process and refuse to engage with the project
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14
Q

How does Bottom-up Regeneration work

A
  • This is based on listening to local opinion and devising local solutions to problems
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15
Q

What are the advantages of Bottom-up Regeneration

A
  • local people are closely involved in developments and are empowered
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of Bottom-up Regeneration

A
  • such approaches may be unable to make substantial changes; they often rely on volunteers
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17
Q

How do Partnership Approaches work in regeneration

A
  • This approach aims to combine the best features of both bottom up and top down
  • Partnerships are made up of representatives from the state, private and voluntary sectors
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18
Q

What are the advantages of Partnership Approaches

A
  • Partnerships are often well placed to draw on funding e.g. National Lottery
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19
Q

What are the disadvantages of Partnership Approaches

A
  • decision making can be bureaucratic and longwinded
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20
Q

What Role Does the Media and Technology Play In Rural Regeneration
-Broadband

A
  • High-speed broadband connections enable people to uniquely work from home
  • the Highland Islands Enterprise (HIE) have funded a €70 million project to connect every community to high speed broadband attracting small businesses who want a slower pace to life
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21
Q

What Role Does the Media and Technology Play In Rural Regeneration
-radio

A
  • Radio can cater to specific needs discussing local issues in local dialect helping people to feel more connected helping to rebrand and make people feel more positive
  • Stations can support local business
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22
Q

What Role Does the Media and Technology Play In Cornwall’s Rural Regeneration
-film

A
  • Rural areas can be rebranded into good locations for filming, which can generate tourism
  • e.g. Stately homes are advertised for hiring by the National Trust which can be popular for period dramas like Pride and Prejudice
23
Q

What challenges does Cornwall’s rural economy face

A
  • 2011: Cornwall England’s lowest average earnings (77% of UK ave.)
  • 20% of working population earned less than £7.45 p/h
  • Lack of investment = lack of opportunity → Brain drain of Cornwall’s young, well-qualified residents
24
Q

Summarise how Cornwall’s economy has grown & slown over the last decade

A
  • 2000 - 2010: Cornwall’s economy grew faster than the UK average due to investment from the UK govt & EU (increased jobs and boosted tourism)
  • 2010+: Decline in government spending → private sector investment + hard to achieve where rural population density is low
25
Q

How have Cornwall funded their regeneration?

A
  • Pre-2010 - Public-sector investment
  • Until 2007 - EU funding - Objective One, a type of convergence funding
  • By 2007 - £230million invested in 580 projects in Cornwall
26
Q

What is convergence funding

A
  • The idea that poorer economies’ per capita incomes will tend to grow at faster rates than richer economies
27
Q

What are the reasons why the government was right to withdraw most public-sector funding (post-2010)

A
  • Cornwall has already received significant amounts of funding → able to rely on its own resources or attract private-sector funding in the future
  • Government has to prioritise its funding into areas with higher populations
  • The investment in the ‘knowledge economy’ and the ‘student economy → prevent the brain drain + people start their own businesses → reducing the need for public-sector funding
28
Q

Reasons why the government was not right to withdraw most public-sector funding (post-2010)

A
  • Cornwall Council has had no start-up funding to offer potential businesses
  • Previous public-sector funding has been put to good use to create regeneration projects → benefited Cornwall
  • Projects in rural areas may not necessarily make enough profit to invite private-sector funding → public-sector funding is still required
  • Financial crisis → Private-sector funding has also been reduced
  • BREXIT and decline in EU funding
29
Q

What was the main aim of Objective One

A
  • Raise rural incomes by matching capital raised by individuals (match funding) to pump-prime business, so a higher proportion of new businesses would survive in the longer term
30
Q

Why was Objective One set up

A
  • Objective One was one of three programmes set up to help reduce differences in social and economic conditions within the European Union
  • It was a top priority, evident in these three funding programmes, being the biggest area of European spending after the Common Agricultural Policy
31
Q

Objective One programme made £……. in European investment available, but this had to be matched with the same amount of …………….
This match funding came through……

A
  • £350 million
  • UK money
  • investment from various public bodies & other funds from the private sector.
32
Q

What are the advantages of Objective One

A
  • By 2007, Objective One had backed 580 projects in Cornwall with £230 million
  • New potential businesses could approach funding bodies, such as local council, increasing entrepreneurial prospects in the area
33
Q

Name the 5 re-branding schemes in Cornwall

A
  • Watergate Bay, Newquay
  • Combined Universities in Cornwall (2005+)
  • Wave Hub (2010 - present)
  • Superfast Broadband (2011 - 2016)
  • The Eden Project
34
Q

Watergate Bay, Newquay

How well does it suit Cornwall’s people & environment

A

Utililises Cornwall’s beaches & younger demographic

35
Q

Watergate Bay, Newquay

What are its costs

A
  • Restaurant 15 was not a feasible restauarant, closing in 2019 putting 100 jobs at risk
36
Q

Watergate Bay, Newquay

What are its benefits

A
  • bottom-up strategy
  • provides year-round employment to 50-60 people
  • water sport opportunities for younger generations
  • Restuarant 15 - training locally disadvantaged people in catering
  • profits from the restuarant fund further training & development
37
Q

Watergate Bay, Newquay

Who are the key players

A
  • Local business owners
  • Chef - Jamie Oliver
38
Q

Combined Universities in Cornwall

How well does it suit Cornwall’s people & environment

A
  • makes use of infrastructure & student network already established
39
Q

Combined Universities in Cornwall

What are its costs

A
  • antisocial behaviour is possible
  • dependent on the students choice to attend
40
Q

Combined Universities in Cornwall

What are its benefits

A
  • Studentification - healthy property rental market
  • thriving evening economy of bars & restaurants
  • helps to develop Cornish ‘knowledge economy’
  • helps graduates set up their own businesses
41
Q

Combined Universities in Cornwall

Who are the key players

A
  • University College Falmouth and Exeter University joined forces to create the Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC), together with Truro and Penwith Colleges
42
Q

Wave Hub

How well does it suit Cornwall’s people & environment

A
  • Wave Hub is a wave-power research project, situated 16 km off Cornwall’s north coast
  • It was installed on the seabed in 2010, and acts as a ‘socket’ for wave-energy converters to be plugged into
  • A cable takes electricity from the Hub to the mainland
43
Q

Wave Hub

What are its costs

A
  • Cost: £42 million
  • Four private-sector developers will install different devices into the Hub to test which one will work best.
  • 2018: two Australian companies postponed plans and no electricity had been produced at the Wave Hub
44
Q

Wave Hub

What are its benefits

A
  • £76million over 25 years for Cornwall’s economy
  • Create 170 jobs
  • Creation of a new wave-power industry for Cornwall
  • This would support SW England’s target for generating 15% of the region’s power from renewable sources by 2100
45
Q

Wave Hub

Who are the key players

A
  • South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWRDA)
  • The EU
  • UK govt
46
Q

Superfast Broadband

How well does it suit Cornwall’s people & environment

A
  • Refutes Cornwall’s geographical isolation
47
Q

Superfast Broadband

Describe Cornwall’s super fast broadband work

A
  • By 2016, over 95% of Cornwall had access to fibre broadband - the first county to achieve this
48
Q

Superfast Broadband

What are its costs

A
  • It cost £132 million:
  • £53.5 from the EU Regional Development Fund,
  • £78.5 million from BT
49
Q

Superfast Broadband

What are its benefits

A
  • 2020 - Reduced Cornwall’s carbon footprint by half a million tonnes due to:
  • Increased use of digital goods, video-calling, & working from home (average commute is 24 miles)
  • Increase in businesses (12,000), particularly knowledge-economy companies and those who work from home
  • 2,000 jobs created
  • Cornwall’s economic impact - £200 million per year
50
Q

Superfast Broadband

Who are the key players

A
  • EU Regional Development Fund
  • BT
51
Q

The Eden Project

How well does it suit Cornwall’s people & environment

A
  • Opened in 2001
  • two large conservatories which exhibit the world’s major plant types
  • as well as an education centre about sustainable living
  • & a hostel for residential groups
  • It has transformed the landscape from a former china-clay quarry, to a completely re-imagined environment
52
Q

The Eden Project

What are its costs

A
  • cost £140 million
53
Q

The Eden Project

What are its benefits

A
  • generated £1.1 billion for the Cornish economy (a seven-fold return on its cost)
  • attracted 13 million visitors
  • employed 650 people directly (many of whom were previously unemployed)
  • used 2700 local suppliers
  • raised Cornwall’s profile, alongside the contributions of Tate St Ives and Rick Stein’s restaurants in Padstow
  • developed Cornish tourism as a year-round sector
54
Q

The Eden Project

Who are the key players

A
  • National Lottery
  • EU & SW Regional Development Agency
  • Commerical loans

Geography - Human - Paper 2 (12 decks)

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