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Geography - Human - Paper 2 > Regeneration - EQ2 - Why might regeneration be needed? > Flashcards

Regeneration - EQ2 - Why might regeneration be needed? Flashcards

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1
Q

List indicators that a region is declining

A
  • low levels of qualifications
  • low property prices
  • low incomes
  • low life expectancy
  • declining populations
  • dereliction
  • high unemployment
  • high crime
  • high homelessness
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2
Q

What is a case study location for a declining location, resultant of economic restructuring

A

The Rust Belt - Clairton Pennylvania

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3
Q

What are the statistics to show a population decline in the Rust Belt - Clairton Pennylvania

A
  • 1950s - 20,000
  • now - 6,000
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4
Q

Why is Clairton known as the Rust Belt

A
  • This refers to the decline in metal manufacturing
  • The supporting industries of coal mining, steel manufacturing and engineering have all closed down leading to deindustrialisation
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5
Q

Why did the rust belt decline - global shift

A
  • Overseas companies (e.g, in China) produce cheaper coal and steel.
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6
Q

Why did the rust belt decline - developments in technology

A
  • Mining companies have mechanised to cut costs (resulting in job losses).
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7
Q

Why did the rust belt decline - wage shift

A
  • Lower wage costs in south-eastern USA has led to the relocation of the steel and car industries
  • 80,000 jobs lost in car manufacturing in Michigan during the period 1993-2008
  • 90 000 jobs gained in Southern states
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8
Q

Why do people emigrate from the rust belt?

A
  • lack of jobs
  • lack of opportunities for young people
  • better climate & living conditions in the sun belts
  • crime & social unrest
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9
Q

Arguments for Subsidising the US coal industry

Imports/ Exports

A
  • by maintaing a domestic steel industry the US has more control over prices & is less reliant on import/ export tarriffs
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10
Q

Arguments for Subsidising the US coal industry

Politics

A
  • a negative multiplier process would incur huge political shocks from US population in rust belt states
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11
Q

Arguments for Subsidising the US coal industry

Local economy

A
  • the decline in industry would quickly lead to a negative multiplier effect —> social & economic implications
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12
Q

Arguments for Subsidising the US coal industry

Global markets

A
  • steel prices remain competitive on the global market
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13
Q

Arguments against Subsidising the US coal industry

Job sectors

A
  • More economically viable to invest in tertiary & quaternary
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14
Q

Arguments against Subsidising the US coal industry

Environment

A
  • Poor, environmental impacts –> counter intuitive for environmental treaties
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15
Q

Arguments against Subsidising the US coal industry

Politics

A
  • politicians could use it as a bargaining tool offering short-term solutions
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16
Q

Arguments against Subsidising the US coal industry

International Policies

A
  • WTO rules state that countries should not subsidise industries (although this is diffcult to enforce)
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17
Q

Arguments against Subsidising the US coal industry

Developing investment

A
  • Would enable money to be spent on supporting new industries/ developing skills/ addressing the problems / diversification
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18
Q

What is a sink estate

A
  • housing estates characterised by high levels of economic & social deprivation, crime, domestic violence & gang warfare
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19
Q

What is a gated community

A
  • affluent neighbourhood of towns or cities where houses are designed with landscape 24/7 surveillance, with gates & fences to improve privacy and safety, detering access to unknown people
  • In some countries, the gated community is patrolled by private security & access to the community is controlled near to deprived urban areas
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20
Q

What is a commuter village

A
  • affluent rural area where a high proportion of residents travel to work in urban areas rather than depending on the rural economy for jobs
  • they have higher IMD scores (low deprivation) than declining rural settlements,
  • though these scores may mask pockets of deprivation among some residents who are not accessing higher incomes from urban-based employment
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21
Q

What is a declining rural settlement

A
  • Rural settlements once dominated by primary economic activities but which have lost some or most of these activities
  • These settlements can be characterised by low IMD scores because of lower employment, an ageing population and social problems related to drug use and lower youth expectations
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22
Q

What are the characteristics of sink estates

A
  • low income groups in need of social assistance
  • built to improve living conditions for poor inner city residents
  • yet people here are more likely to be unemployed & have poor mental health as a result of low air quality, declining services & rising crime
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23
Q

Give a named example of a sink estate

A

Broadwater farm in Tottenham

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of gated communities

A
  • long history
  • gentrification
  • wealthy residents
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25
Q

Give a named example of a gated community

A

Bishops Avenue

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26
Q

Give a named example of a commuter village

A

Hertfordshire

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of commuter villages

A
  • ‘wealth corridors’ where rural homes are nicer than urban homes
  • good transport links
  • affluent populations
  • pressure on house prices
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28
Q

What are the characteristics of declining rural settlements

A
  • geographically switched off
  • lack of services & job opportunities
  • declining populations
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29
Q

What is place attachment

A
  • The perception about, and the attachment to, any place will depend on obvious factors
  • such as age, length of residence, ethnicity and deprivation, but also the media’s portrayal
  • & whether government and private business policies, programmes and projects are successful for that particular person
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30
Q

What are the 2 factors affecting a person’s sense of place

A
  • membership - a feeling of belonging familarity & being accepted
  • influence - a sense of playing a part in a place & hence caring about it
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31
Q

What do we mean by ‘lived experience’

A
  • During a person’s lifetime they will have different experiences,
  • depending on their family situation, family culture, educational experience, life cycle, living spaces and personal interests
  • These affect their judgements about places and situations and lead to the perceptions, views and opinions
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32
Q

What are the 5 factors that affect level of engagement

A
  • age
  • length of residence
  • levels of deprivation
  • gender
  • ethnicity
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33
Q

What affects levels of engagement

Age

A
  • especially if combined with length of residence in a place
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34
Q

What affects levels of engagement

Length of Residence

A
  • new migrants and students may have less strong attachments than long standing locals
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35
Q

What affects levels of engagement

Ethnicity

A
  • non-white British may differ in their views because of local antipathy or acceptance
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36
Q

What affects levels of engagement

Gender

A
  • Despite modern equality measures, women may still feel less able to do certain things
  • Women or men may also be more active in their local community if home with children
37
Q

What affects levels of engagement

Levels of deprivation

A
  • higher levels may be associated with antiestablishment views; those in temporary accommodation or rented housing may feel less ‘at home’ than owner occupiers.
38
Q

How can the residents view of the place they live in contrast with that of the government

A
  • ‘Top-down’ decisions often don’t meet the needs of local people as the people who make these decisions have often lived very different lives to the residents that they are planning for
  • This can cause political apathy:
  • people will unwillingly accept the conditions they find themselves living in, but feel powerless to do anything about them —> conflict
39
Q

In what 2 ways can we measure engagement

A
  • Local & National election turnout
  • The development & support for local community groups
40
Q

Explain how political engagement can judge the level of engagement

Age

A
  • 18-24s almost half as likely to vote as those aged 65
  • In 2010, 43% of people aged 18-24 voted compared to 78% of those aged 65
41
Q

Explain how political engagment can judge the level of engagement

Level of deprivation

A
  • As a London news website once said: ‘the poor don’t vote’
  • Research has found that deprived areas have little involvement in engagement and politics, creating a cycle as they are more and more excluded
42
Q

Explain how political engagment can judge the level of engagement

Ethnicity

A
  • Ethnic groups are traditionally less likely to be involved with community engagement, though this is predicted to change
43
Q

Explain how political engagment can judge the level of engagement

Ethnicity - how is involvement predicted to change

A
  • It is suggested that deprived minority groups will involve themselves
  • It is thought this is as a consequence of facing prejudice or exploitation
44
Q

Explain how political engagment can judge the level of engagement

Gender

A
  • Politically this is fairly even between men and women (turn out of 67% and 66% respectively in 2015)
  • however women are more likely to engage in community activities
45
Q

Explain how political engagment can judge the level of engagement

Length of Residence

A
  • People who have lived in an area for longer are going to have more of a
  • ‘lived experience’
  • & therefore going to be more concerned about their area, and will want their voices heard
46
Q

What are the statistics of harmful impacts of the London Riots

A
  • 1,600 individuals identified by CCTV and arrested
  • 3,443 crimes linked to disorder
  • 5 deaths, 16 serious injuries
  • £200 million damage to property
  • 200 families homeless
47
Q

Name some of the causes of the London riots 2011

A
  • Poor relationships between police and black community
  • Petty criminality
  • Urban deprivation
  • Police stop and search tactics
  • Anger about bankers’ bonuses
  • Alienated and disaffected youth population
  • Government education cutbacks
  • High youth unemployment
48
Q

What are the 3 main priorities for the Tottenham regeneration project

A
  • fix overcrowded council housing, & urban deprivation
  • protecting small businesses & communities, in light of the alienated youth population facing unemployment
  • gang culture & the strained relationship between the police & black community
49
Q

What are 2 examples conflict from differing groups in communities

A
  • Studentification
  • The Northern power house
50
Q

examples conflict from differing groups in communities

Studentification

A
  • Youthful groups who are concentrated into an area with little disregard for their surrounding longer-term residents (age & length of residence)
51
Q

examples conflict from differing groups in communities

The Northern Powerhouse

A
  • strategies introduced to reduce the 2 speed economy has caused negative multiplier effect
52
Q

Why is rebranding needed

Loss of industry

A
  • Loss of industry - In the 1980s, Asia grew in manufacturing goods and resources
  • Hence, importing goods from overseas became so cheap that firms stopped buying goods and resources from the UK and switched to imports
  • This meant that people who were trained and working in the primary and secondary sector lost their jobs as firms could not compete with import prices
53
Q

Why is rebranding needed

Population Change

A
  • This meant that people started emigrating to other part of the country in search of jobs for which they had skills
  • The state of the economy changed because economy was now made up of majority of service sector
  • & many people did not have the skills to deal with these jobs
54
Q

Why is rebranding needed

The spiral of decline

A
  • This is the negative multiplier effect
  • People emigrating, business declining and a lack of jobs meant that even if a business did start up as people did not jobs they did not have the money to spend on it hence the new business would suffer too
  • This would carry on into a negative multiplier circle
55
Q

What are the different ways in which places rebrand themselves

A

Sports
Music
Destination Tourism
National Parks
Festivals
Industrial heritage
Eco- friendly images
Flagship developments

56
Q

Why does Cornwall need rebranding

A
  • Lack of access and cheaper abroad holidays the number of visitors has been declining in Cornwall
  • Seasonal tourism contributes to suffering businesses
  • Primary sectors jobs especially farmers face unemployment as cheaper agricultural imports
  • negative multiplier effect took place and Cornwall became deprived
57
Q

What is Cornwall’s location

A
  • peripheral town in the South West of England
58
Q

Why did Grampound start a community shop

A
  • struggles to keep basic services, due to better amenities in Truro
  • characteristics of a commuter village
  • really high ownership of fuel-inefficient cars.
  • Cornwall has the lowest mean income in the UK
  • age of residence -> 25% of population 65+
    This all led to social isolation
59
Q

Who funded the community shop in Grampound

A
  • 257/280 households in Grampound became shareholders in the new shop, raising £20,500
  • The Prince’s Countryside Fund, a national charity, awarded £19,000
  • Grants from the Parish Council, & charities keen on rural development gave £10,000.
    In total, the village raised over £50,000
60
Q

What features of Grampound would place it at a disadvantage

A
  • Grampound is a working (as opposed to a tourist) village; similar involvement is harder in villages with second homeowners
  • The size of the settlement also counts, because people generally engage less in urban areas
  • Grampound shows that certain factors determine how engaged people become with the places in which they live
61
Q

What is the wider significance of the Grampound community shop

A
  • Key people are willing to stand for elections & raise money
  • Grampound has a thriving carnival every September & 14 clubs
  • Politicians - county councillor lives in the village & organises a monthly local-produce market, reinforcing local farming importance
  • His newsletters make residents feel informed and supported
  • 2nd place in SW regional competition inspiring further regen
62
Q

How does Engagement vary in Cornwall

A
  • In the 2013 Parish Council Election, the turnout was 63%
  • Nationally, the turnout in Parish Council Elections is below 30%
  • The turnout in Grampound for the County Council Election in the same year was still as high as 43%,
  • against a county average of 33%.
63
Q

Why do regeneration projects cause conflict

A
  • the process is top-down
  • most schemes are based on economic motives
  • groups disagree about what the purpose of regen & the demographic its for
  • inequality - benefitting high-income residents
  • ethnic tensions
64
Q

Support for regeneration schemes in Cornwall has varied, depending on whether they are part of …………………………. policies

A
  • local
  • regional
  • national
65
Q

How can local regeneration schemes avoid conflict in Cornwall

A
  • Council proposed to build 69 new houses in the village - which was overwhelmingly supported.
  • 1/3 of the housing was classed as ‘affordable’, and residents felt that the extra population would help to maintain the village’s services
  • The developers worked with the Council on the design, and held public meetings to gauge support
66
Q

How can regional regeneration schemes cause conflict in Cornwall

A
  • Plans for a waste incinerator as part of local economic expansion at St Dennis, Cornwall’s poorest area, caused protests - yet Cornwall Council still decided to build it
  • Created only seven jobs, and its 100-metre-high chimney is visually polluting
  • Fear of its toxic emissions for respiratory health
67
Q

How can national regeneration schemes cause conflict in Cornwall

A
  • In line with national policies, Cornwall Council has supported renewable energy.
  • Wind turbines usually cause protest being visual eyesores
  • However, Grampound’s residents were persuaded by an offer of £15,000 annually from the energy company for community projects.
68
Q

List some qualitative sources we can use to evaluate regeneration

A
  • Local community groups provide opinions and lived experiences
  • Media sources
  • Different Newspapers with contrasting political slants
  • Develop and understanding and appreciation of different views of stakeholders
69
Q

List some quantitative sources we can use to evaluate regeneration

A
  • Census Data
  • Neighbourhood Statistics
  • Office for National Statistics (ONS)
  • Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
  • Use of spearman’s rank and scatter graphs?
70
Q

Where is Custom House located

A
  • In the London Borough of Newham, East London
  • It is a part of the Royal Dock which is northeast of Canary Wharf & the London Docklands
71
Q

Why is transport critical to London’s infrastructure and regeneration process

A
  • 2015 - Custom House railway station in London’s Dockland severed Canning Town which is one of London’s most-deprived areas
  • The station was already on the DLR and now included Crossrail which created a new link to connect East and West London
72
Q

What has brought opportunities for regeneration to Custom House which was in need of regeneration

A
  • The extension of the Jubilee Line on the London Underground brought commuters to Canary Wharf and development opportunities for places along its route
  • Bermondsey was one of London’s most derelict landscapes after the old docks closed
  • When the Jubilee Line extension arrived, the area became a hotspot as investors bought up old warehouses and terraced houses which were suited for gentrification
  • The latest property hotspots are along the Crossrail link
73
Q

Why did Custom House need regeneration

Economically

A
  • In 2001, only 37.6% of adults were in full-time work - compared to the London average of 51.6%
74
Q

Why did Custom House need regeneration

Socially

A
  • The area needed improved housing, health facilities and education.
  • In 2001, 71.6% of the housing stock was rented, and much of it was of low quality
  • 43.1% of adults had no educational qualifications.
75
Q

Why did Custom House need regeneration

Environmentally

A
  • the closure in the 1980s of the docks and their associated industries resulted in environmental decay (with a legacy of derelict land and deindustrialisation).
76
Q

Explain what type of regeneration Custom House has been undergoing

A
  • Until 2010 was mostly funded by central government
  • Its focus has been on community-led regeneration, i.e. identifying the community’s needs as a way of driving change forward
  • Its aim has been to create suburbs with a mixture of owned and social housing
77
Q

What does CATCH project mean

A

(CAnning Town and Custom House)

78
Q

What are the 4 areas the CATCH project focused on to benefit the community

A
  • housing
  • employment
  • education
  • health
79
Q

How much has the CATCH project cost so far

A

£3.7 billion - as a part of the Government’s Mixed Communities Initiative

80
Q

Explain the 4 areas of focus of Custom House Regeneration

Housing

A
  • 10,000 affordable new homes, particularly family-sized houses, were planned for construction by 2020
  • Much of the existing social housing was poorly built and needed renovation
81
Q

Explain the 4 areas of focus of Custom House Regeneration

Employment

A
  • Job creation and training for local people, plus offices and workspaces were made available for small businesses
  • New local shops and a supermarket were opened
  • Public transport was improved
  • Plans to create training opportunities for local people in the construction industry to attempt to address the high unemployment in the area
82
Q

Explain the 4 areas of focus of Custom House Regeneration

Education

A
  • Replacement buildings for local primary and secondary schools were built.
  • In 2015, 59% of Newham’s students achieved five or more GCSEs at A to C - more than double the figure in 1996 (27.9%), and better than improvements nationally
83
Q

Explain the 4 areas of focus of Custom House Regeneration

Health

A
  • A new health centre, library, community centre and children’s play areas were opened
  • The streets were made safer by redesigning them using traffic calming and open spaces
84
Q

What has happened to the CATCH development recently

A
  • However, since 2010, government funding has been cut
  • The focus is now on private-sector investment, using the stimulus of Crossrail to attract investors
  • This means that property development - not community need - is now driving regeneration
85
Q

What evidence is there that the media portrays Tottenham’s regeneration negatively
-local media

A
  • Local Newspaper - Many small businesses will be forced to relocate if the High Road West redevelopment goes, fearing the destruction of livelihoods.
  • Local enterprises, with generational establishments, say their futures are at risk from the £1 billion High Road West development - a plan to build thousands of homes on sites opposite Tottenham Hotspur Stadium
86
Q

What evidence is there that the media portrays Tottenham’s regeneration negatively
-national media

A
  • BBC posted an article suggesting tottenham Hotspur were gentrifying & social cleansing the area
  • Relocation options seemed “superficially inviting”, the costs and phasing of the development were “more likely to drive leaseholders out of the area”.
  • They added the council had been “misled” on crowd control because proposed conditions had “failed to secure the safe movement of crowds” - insinuating their lack of organisation, has had a major knock on effect
  • The decision follows the club’s submission of its own revised plans to build 287 “student bedspaces” in blocks up to six storeys high on the site of a former printworks near the stadium - further undermining them
87
Q

What evidence is there that the media portrays the London Dockland’s regeneration negatively

A
  • Often grafitti style art communicates the local community’s upset over the lack of communication & transparency with the market-led regen which perhaps doesn’t sufficiently recognise lower income households
88
Q

What evidence is there that the media portrays the London Dockland’s regeneration positively

A
  • Investment papers - suggesting the regen offers profitable retail opportunities, suggesting to wealthier demographics
  • it emphasises that property value will appreciate

Geography - Human - Paper 2 (12 decks)

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