Migration - EQ4 - 1.13 Disunity within Nations Flashcards
Why do people in Catalonia want independence STATISTICALLY
- 16.6% of Spain’s population live in Catlonia
- But being Spain’s wealthiest region, it produces 25% of Spain’s exports & 19% of Spain’s GDP
Why do people feel they want independence in Catalonia
- many Catalans feel they contribute more than their fair share to the nation & they subsitute poorer Spanish regions
What recently happened in Catlonia
- Large pro-independence demonstrations held which culminated in an independence referendum being held in October 2017.
- The referendum attracted a 43% turnout, with 90% of the votes returning ‘yes’. This was enough for Catalan President Carles Puigdemont to declare independence from Spain.
- The Spanish government in Madrid declared it illegal and Madrid imposed direct rule on the region shortly afterwards.
How did the government react to people seeking referdenum in Catalonia
*
government was dissolved in 2017 after illegal referendum & powers were taken back to Madrid
* sent police to prevent people voting in unofficial referendum –> 20% voter turnout
how were government members in support of independence treated
- those who actively supported this were threatened with prosecution& imprisonment –> eliminating freedoms of speech
what percentage sought independence
- from the 20% voter turnout, 85% voted to leave
hwo could disunity worsen in Catlonia due to the governments harsh actions
- PUBLIC ANTIPATHY –> Catalans may feel so aggrieved about how Catalonia was treated by the Spanish government in 2017 that they elect representatives who advocate independence and may demand a referendum on independence.
In what way could the governments actions be a good thing for Catalonia
- Alternatively, the government’s actions may have suppressed activists and Catalonia will remain a fully integrated region of Spain.
- This benefits those most vulnerably economically as they wil continue to be supported by welfare benfits which Catalonia’s population signficantly contribute sto
The term nationalism is used to describe….
pride and promotion of sovereign and non-sovereign regions which leads to more confusion
What is the background to Scottish nationalism
- The Scots have always resented the way their nation is controlled by English politicians sitting Westminster
- Ancient conflicts with the English stir up strong feelings on nationalism, yet in 2014, the Scottish people chose to remain part of the UK - but only just
for rising disunity whhat are the 2 casestudies on nationalism
- catlonia
- socttish independence
In Scotland what is their nationalism contested about
- some would like to retain membership of the EU but be independent
What was the consequence of the Scottish Referendum
- 2014
- independence was rejected
- turnout as 85%
Who campaigned for both sides in Scotland
Conservative government together with labour opposiion canpaigned for no vote,
when the referendum lost, the SNP decided not to hold another referendum
what could brexit do for scotland in the future
- Brexit may be the catalyst for a Scottish independence as support for the EU is strong with over 60% of Scotland voting to ‘remain’ in the EU
How much does Scotland contribute to the UK’s GDP
- 7.7%
What would be the benefits of independence for Scotland
- could vote for nuclear disarmamanet – trident scheme money could be reinvested into public srevices
- greater advocacy & involevment in global decision making by retaining membership of EU NATO & EU
What are the political difficulties of independence for Scotland
- would be very bureauratic and longwinded for Scotland to rejoin EU as an indepednnet country & it would comparably have limited influence
What are the economic difficulties of independence for Scotland
- revenue from oil & gas is unpredictable & Scotland could not support their economy sufficinetly through this in the future, as there are no other industries as important as this
- 11.8% of total Scottish GDP
what does the voter turnout show for scottish independece
85% shows youth engagement in politics
what is the cause of rising tensions in emerging BRIC nations
- the uneven pattern of the costs and benefits of globalisation
- In some instances, these uneven, internal regional or ethnic divisions threaten to dis-unify nation-states by building upon cultural & historic nationalistic roots
What is South Africa disunity caused by
- globalisation & inequality
What historically led to disunity in South AFrica
- legacy of Apartheid led to deeper ethnic divisions & income inequalities (high gini coefiicient - 0.63)
Display how in 2016 South Africa disunity came toa foorefrot due to globalisation
- In 2016, the main opposition Democratic Alliance (DA), and the populist Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), both won parliamentary seats from the ruling African National Congress (ANC) in elections
- Cities with a young educated population, and black townships, were losing faith of the vote in the ANC
- after protests over poor services, such as water, electricity and education, despite high economic growth
positives of South AFRICA disnuity
- these issues have been brought to a forefront by young people, hopes that in future they can be addressed
Define failed states
- Where a government has lost political control and is unable to provide it basic responsibilities;
- unity and loyalty to the state is lost and it becomes ‘a failed state’
decribe the effect of colonisation on disunity in nations
- Many African states were artificially created under European rule in the 19th century, and this threw differing indigenous communities together
- In the immediate post-colonial period, statesmanship was lost as these communities squabbled amongst themselves for ultimate power, creating a lack of internal cohesion allowing for newly emerging nations to quickly fail
- It also exposed the differences between those with political and economic power and the wider population and bred corruption and inherent instability
what are characteristics of failed states
- low life expectancy
- undemocratic goevrnment
- social unrest
- widepsread poverty
- human righst abuses
- poor education health & welafre
how did the syrian civil war come baout economically since the 2000s
- much of it has been caused by nepotism & corruption
& economic liberalisation in Syria has occurred without legal basis or rules by which an economy usually functions - it has been largely run since 2000 by a group of entrepreneurs associated with President Asaad
benfist of syrian civil war
industries in ruling family have become extremly rich in industrie ssuch as telecomunnications & IT –> monopoly on wealth which could benefit Syria if liberty and peace is brought to the rgeion
impact on agriculture in syria
- argriculture sector has become completely neglected
- Syria entered another drought in 2021 that continues to this day. Water shortages, withering farmland and massive spikes in food prices have driven millions of people into deep hunger
how many opposition groups are there in syria
1000 armed opposition groups including ISI, which have direct involvement in other countries, spreading terror across teh region
what are stats about Syria civil war
- 4.5 million refugees created
- 500,000 killed since 2017
Define nationalism
Nationalism - Populations have a sense of loyalty to their country of origin or residence, by identifying with national values and celebrating traditions or beliefs.
Define disunity
- Disunity refers to divisions or tensions within a nation-state, leading to conflicts or challenges to its unity and stability
- This can manifest as separatist movements, internal conflicts, or challenges to national identity and sovereignty
