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Geography - Human - Paper 2 > Regeneration - EQ4.11 - Urban Regeneration Stratford > Flashcards

Regeneration - EQ4.11 - Urban Regeneration Stratford Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 ways regeneration projects can be funded

A
  • Private-sector investment
  • Public-sector investment
  • Public-private partnerships
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2
Q

Give a recent example of public investment for urban regeneration

A
  • The UK government bid for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games supported by the London Assembly and its Mayor
  • The games cost €9.3 billion to host, and these costs were covered through ticketing, TV sponsorship and the post-Games sales of apartments and houses in the Athletes’ Village
  • Against many expectations, the
  • 2012 Games were delivered on time, under budget and at a profit
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3
Q

Give a recent example of public-private investment for urban regeneration

A
  • 1980s and 1990s London Docklands regeneration.
  • portrayed as ‘market-led regeneration’,
  • but actually a partnership between the govt - which handed over land and financial grants
  • & property developers - who ensured the regeneration would create economic growth, jobs, and housing
  • The govt regarded the costs as an economic investment - sought tax revenue,
  • as well as being socially advantageous - reducing local unemployment and social problems
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4
Q

Give a recent example of private investment for urban regeneration

A
  • Europe’s largest shopping centre, Westfield in East London:
  • retail-led regeneration which has created over 10,000 new jobs
  • Westfield, an Australian property company with a 50% stake in the Centre, borrowed £700 million to build it
  • It is recovering its costs by leasing space in the Centre to retail companies.
  • In its first four years, the Centre’s annual turnover was £1 billion which added hugely to the local economy
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5
Q

Who are the key players in public sector led investment

A
  • MPs, Government officials, regional (e.g. London Assembly) or local councils
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6
Q

Who are the key players in public-private sector led investment

A
  • both sets of players
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7
Q

Who are the key players in private sector led investment

A
  • Company directors, shareholders, employees
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8
Q

When is public sector investment used

A
  • Used for infrastructure or public-service projects that the private sector views as being too costly or risky, or where the expected income will be lower than the costs (projects like this can be used to kick-start a depressed economy)
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9
Q

When is public-private sector investment used

A
  • Where the cost is high, but it can still be shared with the private sector
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10
Q

When is private sector investment used

A
  • Where the project will lead to benefits for more than one company or partner
  • New investment by a single company, to expand its product range and increase its profits
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11
Q

What are the main priorities of public sector investment

A
  • Infrastructure national transport (e.g. HS2, Crossrail), water or energy projects, all based on public need
  • Major national events e.g. the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games
  • Health services where there are clear public benefits
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12
Q

What are the main priorities of public-private sector investment

A
  • Housing e.g. private housing developments, as part of which the government subsides the construction of lower-cost (affordable) housing
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13
Q

What are the main priorities of private sector investment

A
  • Technology e.g. car companies sharing research into new engine technology
  • Supply chains e.g. Intel chips made for a variety of computers
  • Expansion of individual companies and their range of products e.g. Apple & Microsoft
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14
Q

What are the benefits of public sector investment

A
  • It provides services and infrastructure where they are needed - not where they will make profit
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15
Q

What are the benefits of public-private sector investment

A
  • Often works well in the UK e.g. NHS
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16
Q

What are the benefits of private sector investment

A
  • Energetic, often creative, and competitive (which can bring costs down)
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17
Q

What are the costs of public sector investment

A
  • Sometimes seen as slow, with accurate budgeting and delivery times
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18
Q

What are the costs of public-private sector investment

A
  • The different sectors need to understand each other
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19
Q

What are the costs of private sector investment

A
  • It serves the company’s interests, which may not be those of the public
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20
Q

Why did Ken Livingston (the former Mayor of London) continue to focus on the regeneration of East London after the 2012 Olympics

A
  • Belief that the Games could help to build a process of convergence - to reduce the gap between London’s poorest and wealthiest areas
  • The Games themselves, and the subsequent Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, were designed to improve East London’s ‘brand’ as a place to visit, to live in and to work, as well as to attract fresh investment as a result of the area’s improved image
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21
Q

Identify the 5 major features of the Olympic Park post 2012

A
  • 560 acres of parkland, with trails
  • The Olympic Stadium - West Ham 7 major sport events
  • Sporting facilities - The velodrome, the orbit, Copper box (has community use)
  • Here East - the media centre during the 2012 Games & now the home of technology companies inc BT Sport
  • Established successful & integrated neighbourhoods
22
Q

Who are the key players in the Olympic Park regeneration before & after the 2012 games

A
  • London Legacy Department Organisation
  • UK central government agency
  • Local government - the elected councils
  • Stakeholders in the local economy
  • Environmental Stakeholders
  • Stakeholders in people
23
Q

Describe who the key players before & after the 2012 Olympic Games

UK central government agency

A
  • The London Legacy Development Corporation is an appointed (unelected) agency, funded by central government, to oversee the legacy development of the Olympic Park
  • Their success criteria include the use of the Olympic venues post-2012, increasing employment and more housing.
24
Q

Describe who the key players before & after the 2012 Olympic Games

Local government - the elected councils

A
  • Four London boroughs shared the hosting of the Games (Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney, and Waltham Forest), and they all wanted regeneration to continue post-2012
  • However, they have no planning control over new developments - this is done by the London Legacy Development Corporation
25
Q

Describe who the key players before & after the 2012 Olympic Games

Regional government - the London Assembly

A
  • The Mayor of London and the elected London Assembly were responsible for ensuring that transportation was effective during the Games, as well as supporting the expansion of housing and the East London economy after 2012
26
Q

Describe who the key players before & after the 2012 Olympic Games

Stakeholders in the local economy

A
  • The Olympic venues were sited on a former industrial estate, where 207 (mostly locally owned) companies employed 5000 people - all of whom were compensated to move.
  • However, there were still objections
  • Most companies relocated within the local area, but many workers still faced a longer commute
27
Q

Describe who the key players before & after the 2012 Olympic Games

Environmental Stakeholders

A
  • The collapse of manufacturing in the Lea Valley following the 1981 closure of the original London Docks, led to widespread dereliction
  • The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park has cleaned up and re-landscaped the whole area
  • New wetlands now form part of the park, and breeding boxes and nesting sites have ensured rising numbers of species such as newts, fish, bats and birds
28
Q

Describe who the key players before & after the 2012 Olympic Games

Stakeholders in people

A
  • The Athletes’ Village is standing on the site of a former housing co-operative for low-income residents - its 450 residents were relocated to social housing throughout London - breaking up the community
  • initial plan post-2012: was to re-model the Athletes’ Village into 3000 affordable housing units with govt cuts
  • that intention has now been reduced to 800, & instead of just low-income groups, those earning £60 000 a year now qualify
29
Q

UK Central Government Agency

What is the source of investment

A
  • Funded by the central government to oversee the legacy development of the Olympic Park, part of the £4.5 billion Home Building Fund, which provides development and infrastructure finance to home builders
30
Q

UK Central Government Agency

Social, Economic &/or Environmental Regeneration

A
  • Sports-led regeneration - with mainly economic led aspirations
  • social - establish successful and integrated neighbourhoods, 1,500 new homes, inc 450 affordable homes
  • economic - retain, attract and grow a diverse range of high quality businesses and employers & maximise employment opportunities
  • create a financially sustainable visitor destination
  • environmental - cross-sector innovation in technology & sustainability
31
Q

UK Central Government Agency

Which players would they agree with

A
  • Regional Governments - employment opportunities
  • Environmental Stakeholders - sustainable prospects of the program
32
Q

UK Central Government Agency

Which players would they disagree with

A
  • Local governments - ambitions to advance the wider cause of regeneration, too wide focus
  • Stakeholders in the economy - work to be fully completed by 2028
  • Stakeholders in people - 33,000 sq ft of business and creative space, less facilities
33
Q

Local Government - the elected councils

What is the source of investment

A
  • LLDC, West Ham and the Government paid for transforming the stadium.
  • Newham Council have a 35 per cent stake in the stadium, investing £40m via prudential borrowing, allowing councils to borrow money
  • The 2012 Olympic Games cost the taxpayer £8.77bn
34
Q

Local Government - the elected councils

Social, Economic &/or Environemental Regeneration

A
  • Social-led regeneration - wide range of new family housing and employment opportunities across the sub-area, with higher density development located where public transport accessibility is the highest
  • Economic - net gain of 6,000 people employed on the Olympic Park
  • Environmental - ‘Angel of Leyton’ 120ft high wind turbine will provide 5% of the energy needed to run the Olympic Park
35
Q

Local Government - the elected councils

Which players would they agree with

A
  • Regional Governments - provide direct connections to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and Stratford from train line extension
  • Stakeholders in the Local Economy - education and training centre in the stadium to support residents into jobs
  • Environmental Stakeholders - a network of new pedestrian, cycling and bus connection
  • Stakeholders in people - new astro-turf facilitieswill attract many newcomers to the sport & cutting through gang culture, exclusive access and tickets to events in the stadium
36
Q

Local Government - the elected councils

Which players would they disagree with

A
  • LDDC - 11,000 jobs promised on the park have failed to materialise six years on
  • At least 5,000 jobs were lost from the former industrial area LLDC has revealed only 447 people are currently employed on the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
37
Q

Regional Government - The London Assembly

What is the source of investment

A
  • TFL - 13% of the funding for the Olympic games itself & continues to invest in TFL transport across London
38
Q

Regional Government - The London Assembly

Social, Economic &/or Environemental Regeneration

A
  • Cultural-led regeneration:
  • Social - public perception and image of the area and of East London in general, 110,000 new jobs since 2012 across the 6 boroughs with TFL intervention
  • Economic - They provided world class venues, facilities and transport infrastructure
  • Environmental - A new Cycling Ambitions Fund has been launched to support ambitious long-term plans for growing cycling and improving conditions for pedestrians in cities and parks across the country
39
Q

Regional Government - The London Assembly

Which players would they agree with

A
  • Environmental Stakeholders - less car dependent community created from TFL expansion
40
Q

Regional Government - The London Assembly

Which players would they disagree with

A
  • Stakeholders in the local economy & people - sporting & physical activity rates gap has widened
  • The earnings gap in 2015 is greater than it was in 2009
  • Tower Hamlets, Barking and Dagenham, Hackney and Newham have some of the highest proportions of children living in income-deprived households in the country
41
Q

Stakeholders in the Local Economy

What is the source of investment

A
  • About 40 firms based near the Olympic Park plan to sue the organiser of the Games over fears of a “devastating” impact on their businesses
  • The companies claim they have been “left out to rot” by Locog
  • They claim road closures during the Games will have a devastating effect on the ability to trade
42
Q

Stakeholders in the Local Economy

Social, Economic &/or Environmental Regeneration

A
  • social - acknowledge the cultivation of a communal feel despite living in London
43
Q

Stakeholders in the Local Economy

Which players would they agree with

A

UK Central Government - The Olympic venues were sited on a former industrial estate, where 207 (mostly locally owned) companies employed 5,000 people – all of whom were compensated to move

44
Q

Stakeholders in the Local Economy

Which players would they disagree with

A

Locog - fear road closures will have devastating impacts on business, threatening long-established heritages & livelihoods

45
Q

Environmental Stakeholders

What is the source of investment

A
  • LOCOG said they would deliver 20% of electricity during the Games from new local renewable sources, but have delivered very little
  • A wind turbine was scrapped and not enough work was done to find renewable biofuels for running the site or to invest in solar
46
Q

Environmental Stakeholders

Social, Economic &/or Environemental Regeneration

A
  • ENVIRONMENTAL
  • New wetlands now form part of the park, and breeding boxes and nesting sites have ensured rising number of species such as newts, fish, bats and birds
  • Featuring 70,000 plants from 250 different species across the world, the Gardens are divided into four climatic zones
47
Q

Environmental Stakeholders

Which players would they agree with

A
  • The Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) set a target of 50% cut in carbon emissions
  • This has been achieved to 47% through a combination of energy conservation and using green electricity suppliers
48
Q

Describe the steel used to construct the infrastructure for the Olympic park regen

A
  • Instead of being made of virgin steel, the circle around the stadium consists of old, abandoned gas pipes
  • 2/3 of the steel used in the entire roof is recycled, cutting construction costs by £500,000
  • Overall, a tenth as much steel was used as its equivalent in Beijing four years ago
49
Q

Environmental Stakeholders

Which players would they disagree with

A
  • Local stakeholders in the economy may lose out to investment:
  • Widespread dereliction —> closure of London Docks, collapse in manufacturing in Lea Valley from 1981
  • so the canals had been unused for 30 years - clogged by silt and weeds
  • Newham contained 42% of London’s brownfield sites
  • These factors all lead to the regeneration for the 2012 Olympic park being so expensive to build.
50
Q

Stakeholders in people

What is the source of investment

A

LDDC

51
Q

Stakeholders in people

Social, Economic &/or Environemental Regeneration

A
  • Social Regeneration - the initial plan, post-2012, was to re-model the Athletes’ Village into 3,000 affordable housing units.
  • With govt cuts, that intention has now been reduced to 800, & instead of just low-income groups, those earning £60,000 a year now qualify
52
Q

Stakeholders in people

Which players would they disagree with

A
  • The LDDC have only delivered 74 of the annual 455 goal for affordable homes
  • In fact, only 1/2 of the 1,471 new homes planned for the area last year were completed
  • More than 6,000 homes have been built on the site

Geography - Human - Paper 2 (12 decks)

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