Migration - EQ1 - 8.3 Consequences of Migration Flashcards
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Migration alters the ….. composition of nation states.
cultural and ethnic
What role does government policy play in migrant assimilation?
Open government policies can accelerate assimilation
govt funds tranlsation services for govt websites giving migrants better info about thie rhost country
statefunded language centres for recnt migrants increasing proficiency
What factors can cause variations in assimilation rates among migrants?
- Distinctive ethnic differences and the unique backgrounds of migrants
How is ethnicity defined in the context of migration?
- Ethnicity is the shared identity of an ethnic group based on ancestral roots or cultural characteristics such as food, religion, clothing, or language
How does an already multicultural society influence assimilation?
Countries that are multicultural or multiracial tend to facilitate higher assimilation rates among migrants.
Does increased diversity always change a region’s racial composition?
- No;
- while diversity can increase, the overall racial composition may remain stable, as seen in parts of Greater Manchester.
how can cultural assimilation be partial in mixed communities
intermarriage, social mixing, and shared cultural and work environments.
What challenges can highly segregated areas face?
- Past enforced segregation, like apartheid in South Africa, can have long-lasting effects that reduce current assimilation rates.
What determines whether segregation occurs naturally or is imposed?
- It depends on whether migrants integrate into the national culture or choose to live in self-contained ethnic enclaves.
How do certain ethnic communities maintain their cultural identity abroad?
- Communities such as Italian, Chinese, Jewish, Muslim, and Sikh groups
- often retain their traditions and cultural practices,
- exemplified by places like China Town and Little Italy
What role do centers of worship and dietary needs play in diaspora communities?
- They act as anchors by supporting cultural practices and dietary requirements, such as the need for kosher food in the Jewish community
How can religious differences affect assimilation?
- Differences in religious beliefs may reduce assimilation if they conflict with the host country’s values and traditions
The rise of…….. groups can mean that migrant groups are not accepted
far-right nationalist
How does the length of residency affect assimilation?
- The longer migrants reside in the host nation, the more likely they are to assimilate, adopting local identities and practices
What does the 2011 UK census reveal about the relationship between residency duration and national identity?
- It shows that 77% of people residing in the UK for over 30 years identified as having a UK identity, compared to only 10% of recent arrivals
In what way does language proficiency contribute to assimilation?
- Being able to speak the local language enhances employment opportunities and community participation, which in turn increases assimilation.
Wgat are positive perceptions of the economic impacts of migrants in host countries
- Migrants create economic opportunities by opening new businesses.
- Migrants contribute more taxes to the economy than they take in benefits.
- Migrants fill important gaps in the labour force, e.g. in health care.
What are positive perceptions of the social/cultural impacts of migrants in host countries
- Cultural diversity increases, making for more interesting and vibrant communities.
- Local services are improved, e.g. more shops, restaurants, cafes.
- Because migrants are young, often educated and skilled, employers benefit, e.g. the NHS in the UK.
What is a positive perception of the demographic impacts of migrants in host countries
- Ageing, declining populations are boosted by increased numbers
What are negative perceptions of the economic impacts of migrants in host countries
- Migrants take jobs that could have gone to non-migrants instead
- Migrants send money to their origin country (remittances) instead of spending it in the host country
- Migrants may accept lower wages for low-skilled jobs, which may mean lower wages for non-migrants.
What are negative perceptions of the social/ cultural impacts of migrants in host countries
- Segregated areas are created that non-migrants feel excluded from
- More people in an area puts pressure on health and education services.
- Non-migrants feel the cultural identity of places is under threat.
What are negative perceptions of the demographic impacts of migrants in host countries
- People perceive their country as becoming crowded or “full’
define cultural assimilation
- the process by which immigrants take on the culture of their host country
what is ethnic diversity accoridng to the 2011 census
- the percentage of the population that is not from the white ethnic group
What are the positive economic impacts of mexio-us migration for the US
- Mexican immigranrs contribute approximately 4% of the total GDP - their work is important to the US economy
- businesses now have sources of cheaper labour & higher profits, doing many of jobs like fruit picking that Americans do not want to do
What are the positive economic impacts of mexio-us migration for Mexico
migrants send dome remittances
these provide a better cost of living for those at home
building better housing, healthcare & education
while reducing job and housing competition in Mexico
What are the negative economic impacts of mexio-us migration for the US
- USA spent $3.8 billion on border security in 2015
What are the negative impacts of mexio-us migration for Mexico
- brain drain! no way!
- rural areas of Mexico have shortages of econonomically active people and lack key workers - drs teachers
What are the positive socio-cultural impacts of mexio-us migration for the US
- hispanic & latino culture has made majr contributions to US cuisine - tacos & burritos
- media, music, language & religion
What are the negative socio-cultural impacts of mexio-us migration for Mexico
- migration can break up families
- it is largely men who migrate leaving a majority of women who have problems finding marriage partners
What are the negative socio-cultural impacts of mexio-us migration for the US
- by accepting lower wages, hispanic migrants have lowered wages for poorly educated low skilled americans who resent this
What are the positive demographic impacts of mexio-us migration for the US
- hispanic migration has added 5.8 million people to the USA’s population, and has led population growth since the 2000s
- this offsets the impacts of an ageing US workforce
What are the negative demographic impacts of mexio-us migration for US
- projections suggest white americans will no longer be the majority ethnic group by 2065
- this could affect US general election results
- increased cultural and racical tensions in towns
define apartheid
the enforced segregation of poeple by skin colour or ethnicity
this policy was used in South Africa between 1948 and 1991
define culture
- the ideas beliefs and customs and social behvaiour of a group or society
What are the impacts on inner cities of migration
- Inner cities have attracted migrants to settle close to their workplaces → cheaper rental properties → ethnic enclaves eg. Hindu and Sikh communities settled in Southall due to their jobs in Central London and at Heathrow Airport
what is the impact of the windrush generation on migration
- Windrush generation arrived to develop London’s transport and healthcare system →
- West Indian community settled in areas such as Brixton →
- generations continued to reside here
Why do some countries ahve little or no control over their borders
- Long borders, particularly coastlines e.g. Greece has a lot of islands
- Conflict which reduces central government control over its country
- International conflict which motivates people to migrate, which can create an underground market for trafficking - Ukraine/Russia conflicts
How do skills affect people’s abilities to migrate interntional borders in Australia
- Migrants to Australia enter as skilled workers which include professional and manual workers on a points-based system
- Minimum of 65 points needed
- e.g Accountants and mechanics = 60 points
- Awarded depending on age, qualifications and competence in English
- Preference to those with skills for industrys with small labour pools - advantage
There are variations in the ability of people to migrate across national borders according to levels of ….. and ………;
and …………………, including the presence or absence of ……………. and ……………….
There are variations in the ability of people to migrate across national borders according to levels of skill and income;
and opportunities, including the presence or absence of controls and international borders
How do skills affect people’s abilities to migrate interntional borders in Signapore
- Singapore migration divides immigrant workers into:
- Foreign workers – semi-skilled or unskilled workers who work mainly in manufacturing, construction and domestic services. Source countries - China and Southeast Asia.
- Foreign talent – People with qualifications or degrees who work in Singapore’s knowledge economy
- Source countries - Southeast Asia & Europe
How does wealth affect people’s abilities to migrate interntional borders - North Africa
- Migrants from North Africa and Syria are victims organised crime
- Gangs in Africa or Central Europe organise the movement of people to Europe for large payments.
How does wealth affect people’s abilities to migrate interntional borders - Mexico - usa
- Mexico-USA migration is dependent on wealth
- Illegal migrants pay people smugglers/coyotes between US$4,000 and US$10,000 to cross the border
describe how opportunities leaders to variation in abilities to migrate
- The presence or absence of international border controls
- Within Europe’s Schengen area, migrants are able to move unrestricted between member countries without a visa - advantage sto other immigrants outside the EU
- The presence of established and settled family members in destination country.
How does the UK regulate migration
UK regulates migration from countries outside of the EEA (European Economic Area) with a points-based system
There are five tiers
What are the five tiers of the Uk points system
- Entrepreneurs, investors and highly skilled workers
- Migrants with a job offer with a UK based employer
- Low-skilled workers filling specific temporary labour shortages.
- Foreign students studying at a UK-based higher education institution.
- Temporary workers and youth mobility schemes such as gap-year students.
How is the US immigration system
- more stringent immigration policies and potential migrants have to qualify by gaining a green card in a lottery or prove that they have a job offer before they go
- they also need to be sponsored by a US citizen or company, and be employed in a job that no other US citizen could reasonably undertake
When does large scale immigration date back to in the USA
- WW1 economic boom in the USA and the economic devastation in Mexico after its political revolution (1910 – 1919)
Describe US immigration in the 70s
- Flows of (legal and illegal) immigrants to Californian farms as pickers, and to US cities
How many Mexican migrants lived in the USA in 2015, and what has this drooped to since Trump was elected
- 11.7 million
- fell by 20%
What is cultural fractionization
- An index which measures how diverse countries are by measuring people’s attitudes towards, for example, religion, democracy and the law.
- The index varies between 1 (total diversity) and 0 (no diversity).
- The global average is 0.53.
why is Japan struggling from anti-immigration policy
- Japan has an ageing population –> demographic factors increasing govt debt
- Decline in workers –> reduction in the demand for goods and tax revenues from the government
- Increased demand for healthcare services for the elderly
Show how Japan has depprotted cultural aversion
- 1.63% of Japan’s population is immigrant
- vs
- 14.3% of US population
explain why japan has such deep rooted culttural aversion
- Japanese people = homogenous people - did not experience inflows of migration after WW2
- Ideology – Immigrants disrupt the cultural cohesion that characterise Japanese soceity
- ‘No immigration’ principle is widly supported
- people think the alternative to migrants is to encourage the elderly and women to work
what was trumps build a wall campain in relation to migration
- immigration can be a key issue in elections and that a political party’s view on immigration is influential in their success in elections, for example,
- Donald Trump’s immigration ideology in the 2016 US presidential election campaign
- 45% of US voters supported his view
the extent of the political tensio nfrom immigration varies depending on the…
- net migration rate (i.e. scale and pace), political party in power and the cultural fractionization of the country
suggest why immigration is a very politically divisive issue and there are many varying opinions in the us
- although work began on the wall many Americans now believe that the main focus should be on managing teh Mexicans who laready live in the US legally rather than stopping illegal flows
- 2020 –> biden stopped building of wall when 640km
- 2025 –> 70 million invested by trump to restart
- mistreatement of migrants in texas
