Migration - EQ1 - 8.2 Causes of Migration Flashcards
Why do most migrants move
- move for work; known as economic migrants
- others move to re-join family members, as part of the diaspora growth
describe what is meant by post-colonial migrant flows to the UK
- After the second World War, many countries had labour shortages and needed to rebuild their economies
- The 1948 British Nationality Act, gave people from UK colonies, the right to live and work in Britain
- Job vacancies in the UK offered an opportunity to people in Caribbean countries, who were also struggling economically post-war
- Many of those who came, became manual workers, drivers, cleaners, and nurses in the newly-established NHS and known as the Windrush Generation
Define voluntary migration
- the individal or hosehold has a freechoice about whether to move or not
- e.g internal - urabn to rural for retirement
- british doctors to the USA
Define forced migration
- occurs when the individal or houehold has little or no choice but to move
- e.g external - war 8.1 million refugees leaving ukraine in 2022
Define
impelled migration
- due to environmental or human factors
e.g natural distaster causes inetnerl migration from Mount Pinatubo Phillipines
what is counter migration
- governments detain migrants who enetr to attempt to enter their countires illegally and return the migrants to their home countries
where do most migrants go
- most migrants move to high-income countries not from the poorest countries but from middle income countires e.g India has 17 mil abroad
- this is because migration is too expensive for poor people
What are migration corridors
- obstacles to migration can be reduced when there is an established route for migrants to follow - a migration corridor
what causes migration corridors
- a cause of migration as they mean people deide to migrate who would not otherwise do so
- they are also a consequence of the demand for migration
give an exmaple of a migration corridor
- Mexico to USA
- a network of connectirs helps immigrants travel the route to where they can claim asylum
- while people smugglers get otehr over the border
What are the 5 different economic theorys for migration
- neoclassical economic theory
- dual labour market theory
- worlds systems theory
- relative deprivation theory
- new economics labour of migration
what is neoclassical economic theory
- the most signficant push/pull factors are wage differences which cause migration flows from low-wage to high-wage areas
what is dual labour market theory
- Developed countries ‘pull’ migrant workers to fill low-skilled jobs, as local population unwilling to do this work
What is world systems theory
- Trade between countries is favourable to one above the other e.g former colonies remain dependent on colonial superpower
- encouraging migration along these trade routes from poorer to richer countries
- free trade with no dependencies can make all participating countries richer and therefore reduce migration
What is an example of neoclassical economic theory
internal migration in developing countries e.g urban to rural in India to Mumbai
What is an example of dual labour labour market theory
fruit vegetable harvesting workers in the UK attracts EU workers
what is relative deprivation theory
- Awareness of income differences between neighbours in a source community is an imporrant factor in migration
- Successful migrants act as examples to the source community encouraging migration
Give an example of relative deprivation theory
- North/South migration in the UK, where people in the north of England feel deprived in relation to the south and migrate southwards
What is New economics of labour migration (NELM)
- migration is more complex that neoclassical theory suggests
- The theory views migration as an economic strategy of a household and suggests that the family’s economic situation would change as the family member sends remittances back.
- The family’s act together to spread the cost and all benefits eventually
What is ana example of NELM Theory
- male construction workers from India emigrating to Dubai sending home remittances
Describe the different features of neo-liberalisation
-liberalisation
- removing subsidies tarriffs quotas and trade restrictions
Describe the different features of neo-liberalisation
-freedom to invest
- freedom to invest anywhere or transfer capital known as dereuglation of financial markets
- e.g In the Uk any bank or individual can trade in shares without govt apporval
Describe the different features of neo-liberalisation
-open borders
- EU Citizens are free to move around the EU
- but these freedoms mean that national borders become unemployment challenging national sovereignty
Describe the different features of neo-liberalisation
-national identity
- a sense of a nation as a cohesive whole represneted by distinctive trends culture and language which varies overtime with great flexibility
Describe the different features of neo-liberalisation
-sovereignty
- ‘the authority of a state to govern’
- globalisation can reduce this
- UK is more closely bound to laws not approved by government e.g EWTO rules
What is the restriction on many nation states movement of labour
- the movement of labour is unrestricted and is based on the notion that humans are an economic resource for businesses to exploit
- It is considered an efficient way of allocating resources e.g. regional movements in the UK
- Flows of migrants are focused on core economic development regions, at varying levels from local, national and international
- In order to achieve maximum economic output, businesses argue that people should be allowed to move freely to available jobs, therefore, migration is considered an effective method of achieving this
What are the disadvantages of free movement of labour
- Increased competition for jobs and many people have multiple jobs in order to survive
- Businesses lose profits when having to pay higher wages to skilled employees
- Wages may fall with large labour pool - bad for workers
- Loss of talent - ‘brain drain’
What are the advantages of free movement of labour
- Business profits increase due to a fall in wages - businesses have a choice of who to employ
- Highly skilled workers are in demand and command higher wages
- Trickle down wealth from core regions to the peripheries - branch offices and factories
- People have a choice of where to work and live
Why aren’t migration flows fully unrestricted on a global scale
- Economic Theory suggests that governments will maximise ‘economic efficiency’
- a productive workforce and a developed financial market
- if they allow the free movement of goods, capital and labour
- However, some countries do not agree with the economic theory
or fear they’ll lose their national identity through unrestricted flows
How mant people in the Uk move locally within a year
10%
What are the reasons for internal migration with the UK
- 1980s - deindustriliastaion in n birtian had driven many owrkers south for jobs, with London’s increasing nowledge economy
- regerneeration of large cities –> rural to urban of old people & young people for urban lifestyle to cities
what are some conequences
- skill shortages and ageing populations from source regions
- high inward mig –> rising house prices if demand is not met with overcroweded skls strained healthcare and failing local wages
What type of migrants are EU nationals to the UK
- Economic migrants who seek study and job opportunities
Outline the A8 countries joining the EU in 2004
- A8 countries joined the EU helping to fill gaps in the UK labour market though employment in construction hospitality & catering etc (pull)
- n. arriving refkected high level of undemployment & low wages in eastern europe (push)
What has been the knock of effect of BREXIT
- 15% fall in trade intensity
- consistently shotages in labour market NHS
- Trade deals are not encouraging strong labour flows e.g Aus deal boosted economy by 0.08%
What type of migrants are crossing the meiditteraenean and where are they coming from
- refugees
- Syria, turkey, Africa –> libya, sudan, somalia
what are push factors to make people cross the meidtteranean
- feeling conflict civil war persecution & terrorism
what are pull factors to europe for people crossing the meditteraean
- jobs
- democracy
- open immigration policies - germany 500,000 people a a year until 2020
Crossing the Meditteranean to Europe
how many people left africa and middle east for europe 2015-2023
1 million in 2015
63% arriving since 2015 have been from syria afghanisatan & ukraine
Crossing the Meditteranean to Europe
outline the situation
most arrived in boats ran by people smugglers
arriving in europ etheir aim was to seek assylum
Regional movement in the UK
Who is most likely to move and why
- young adults aged 19-30
- 19-21 mainly moving to attend or leave uni
Regional movement in the UK
where has the biggest rate of out migration
- moving to other parts of the south east
- high house prices in london
east midlands has highets rate of in migration
