Migration - EQ1 - 8.1 How has globalisation increase migration? Flashcards
define economic system
- a means by which governmets organise & distribute resourves, services & goods across a region or country including land, capital or labour
define globalisation
- the process by which the world becomes increasungly interconected and dependent on one another,
- so people, culture, goods and finance transfer between counries with fewer barriers
give 2 past examples of how globalisaion has formed past connections
- Trade - the Silk Road trade routes covered over 6400 km across Asia to Europe from the 2nd century BCE until the mid-15th century. These routes were central to economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the East and West
- Colonialism - during the 19th century, the British Empire controlled 25% of the world’s peoples
Globalisation has led to an increase in both
- internal & international migration
As of 2014, ……….. million people lived in a country that wasn’t their place of birth (approx. ….% of
the global population).
- 230
- 3-4
Most international migration is ……………., like ……………..
- Most international migration is regionalised, like Mexicans to America or Poland to Germany
what has globalisation been responsible for changes in
- Global transport systems
- Global economic systems
- Patterns of demand for labour
- Rural-urban migration within countries
- International migration
- Exploitation of global resources and rise of the transnational corporations (TNCs)
- Global finance
- Global communications
How can the level of globalisation be measured
- Economic - exports and imports as a proportion of GDP
- Social - internet users as a proportion of the population
- Political - membership of international organisations
- Physical - availability of resources for exploitation (oil, wood, coal, gold, cotton etc.)
explain how international migration has changed overtime
- The number of people migrating internationally has risen rapidly
- 1950 to 2015 –> global population grew rapidly from 2.5 billion to 7.3 billion
- 1990s –> international migration occurred mainly to world destinations like New York and Paris
- Present Day –> many cities in developing countries (e.g. Mumbai and Lagos) have become major hubs for migration
who are the different types of migrants
- voluntary economic migration
- refugees
- asylum seekers
- environmental refugees
- international students
how does international migration occur through voluntary economic migration
- people relocate to try and improve their wealth & quality of life
- often an economic migrants family may follow them in the aim of joining their family
how does international migration occur through refugees
- people forced to relocate due to war, conflict, perseuction
how does international migration occur through aslym seekers
- people fleeing their country for residence for international protection by another government
how does international migration occur through environmental refugees
- people specfifically relocating due to tectonic disaster, natural hazards or climate change’s impacts
how does international migration occur through international students
- Within recent years, there has been a large increase in the volume of young people migrating to study elsewhere
how does international migration occur through irregular migrants
- a person who enters a country without a valid visa or permit from that country, or who had overtsyaed the duration or a visa, or its been cancelled
The flows of international migration will continue to change over time, as ……..
events occur and a country’s……
- environmental,
political and economic - development
improves or declines
why has globalisation led to an increase in internal migration
- the advancement of transport networks to allow people to travel easily to live, work and visit other places
- Rapid industrialisation of countries such as China and India have created a high demand for workers and has been met, in part, by rural-urban migration
In short, globalisation increased the demand for international migration through a rise in ….
a rise in global trading has encouraged a recent rise in international migrants
How has increased globalisation led to increased international migration
- Significant changes in the global economic system have increased disparities of wealth between different areas of the world
- This has altered patterns of worker demand and increased iternational migration, with people seeking a better way of life
- Capital investments in emerging market economies (EME) and LDEs has created demand for workers in construction and services, which drives international migration
- This increases in international trade has resulted in the same companies (TNCs and MNCs) operating in more than one country and employing international corporate management
- Migration has led to increased remittances being sent nationally and internationally
hwo had globalisation encouraged internal migration
- Mechanisation of agricultural systems creating a loss of jobs - push factor
- Landgrabs by government and agribusinesses forcing people out of their homes and jobs - push factor but also a pull for investors
- Investments in trade - imports and exports increasing the opportunities of jobs - pull factor
Internal migration gives rise to a ….
national core-periphery system developing which is strengthened overtime
what is the negative impact of national core-periphery system
- Uneven economic growth; where one ‘core’ region has a greater ‘pull’ than another cores
- Collectively the flows of investment, resource allocation, and people is known as the ‘backwash effect’
- This is where people, investments and resources are re-directed from the periphery to core regions
- Typically, this is the rural-urban migration pattern, but can be urban to urban or rural to rural, it just depends on the dominance (pull) of one ‘core’ over another
what are the advantages of english football attracting overseas players
- higher ticket prices
- sponsorships
- successful clubs gain global popularity
- contributes to higher standards in the league
Give an example of a PL player being charitable cos of international migration
- remittance payments –>
- Crystal Palace’s Zaha donates 10% of his monthly salary to charities that help those in need in his native Ivory Coast.
Disadvantages of English football attracting overseas players
- athletic talent is viewed as a commodity –>
- movement of players ‘muslce drain’ is deskilling African clubs of thei rmost talented players
- domestic players lose out and end up playing in lower leagues
- high ticket demand is unaffordable for loyal fans –> isolation :(
when did rural-urban migration start in China
- Rapid industrialisation occurred in China after the government created Special Economic Zones (SEZ) during the 1980s
- These policies allowed for foreign investment into ‘special zones’ that are separated areas, managed by a single administration and with its own regulations
Describe the exent of rural-urban mingration in China
- 1980 - 80% of Chinese people lived in rural areas
- 2012 - 51% lived in urban
- 200 million rural migrants now work in Shanghai and Shenzhen
- 20 million people arriving in cities each year
- an estimated 60% of Chinese people will live in urban areas by 2030
what is the barrier to urban-rural migration in China
- hukou system
what is the hukou system
- 1950s communist govt introudve restrictions on internal migration to keep people in rural areas
- everyone is registered at an official residence
why is the hukou system restrictive
- very difficult for migrant workerd from rural locations to change their official residence to a new location
- buying a permanet & being reigisterd is expensive
- thus only highly educated people or those with genertaional ties can move
what are the donwsides of the hukou system being so restrictive
- without a permit, hukou workers earn less and their families have no entitlement to schooling or healthcare
- 2/3 of workers are men - children and women stay rural –> inequalities
- during public holidays pressure on transport is intense
What is the EU schengen agreement
- 1995 - abolished many of the internal border controls within 26 EU countries
- The UK never signed this agreement
The EU Schengen Agreement is different to the ….
- EUs right of free movement for EU citizens, make sure you do not confuse them
advantages of EU schengen agreement
- over 14 million now live in a nother member state - 2.8% of eu pop
- this has helped to fill job vanancies and given some access to labour pools
- diasporas of culture
- remittances
dsiadvantages of EU schengen agreement
- gives easy access to cheaper labour undercutting domestic workers and loweirng wages
- has made it easier for resients outside teh UK to travel to high labour demand countries like Germany
what has caused a rethink of the EU schengen agreement
- 2015 - 1 million syrian refugees travelled into EU via hungary
- terrorist attacks in Paris 2015
Explain who border controls have been rethought recently
- 6 schengen countries - Germany, France, Austria, Seden, Denmark & Norway reintroudced internal border controls
…..% of all international migrants are refugees or assylum seekrs
10%
where is the majority of international migration
- Most international migration is to highly developed economies (HDE) - 64% in 2017
- Half of all international migrations are to one of 10 countries
- The US has more international migrants than any other at 51 million in 2020
Female migration has steadily………………, with women making up the…
Female migration has steadily increased (50%), with women making up the majority of contract workers in the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Indonesia
The level of international migration varies between countries due to…
differing migration policies and levels of global economic engagement
Describe Japan’s population decline
- 27% are aged over 65
- working population us duet to fall to 44 million by 2037
What percentage of Japan’s population is migrant
- 1.7%
what do igos suggest about Japans economy
- Economies tend to average 5% of migrant workers - IMF
- Japan needs 17 million migrants to maintain population at 2007 levels by 2050- UN
What is Japan’s attitude towards migration
- closed door mindset
- many think increasinging migration would disrupt society and increase crime
- restricting migration they feel helps to avoid social issues and conflicts
give 2 examples of japans closed minset to immiggration
- 2008 finanical crisis - fferred foreign born resientds money to leave
- naturalisation process - when babies are born to parents born abroad they are not automatically citizens
what is Australia’s mindeset on immigration
- skills based immigration policy
- 70% of migrants are accepted based on skills
where do most Austrlian migrants live
- in big cities e.g Melborune with the norris nuts
are migrants viewed as good thing in australia
- immigrants are not an economic burden
- on averae each migrant contributes 10% more capita to Australia’s GDP each year than non-migrants
what is the impact on demographics of immigration to australia
- australia has an ageing population
- but migrants offset numbers due to retire - otherwise pressure on social & medical cae would exist as in Japan
temporary movement such as …. is not counted as migration
tourism
What is Lee’s model of migration
- places of irigins have both push and pull factors
- migration occurs when the balance of push and pull factors is strong enough to overcome intervening obstacles
Give 3 examples of signficant historical migration
- forced migration of Africans to the Americas in the transatlantic salve trade 16th to 19th century
- refugees fleeing afghanistan war 1980s
- end of ww2 8 million refugees in europe
Acording to Lee’s model of migration, what might patterns of migration change in reponse to
- environmental (hazards like sea level rise),
- economic (influencing voluntary migration - quatar 2020 world cup from india pak & bang),
- political factors (welcoming immigration policies or political conflict e.g civil war)
