Globalisation - EQ3 - What are the consequences of globalisation for global development & the physical environment, & how should different players respond to its challenge? Flashcards
define development
the ways in which a country seeks to grow economically & to improve the standards of living for its inhabitants
define the development gap
the social & economic disparity between the wealthy & the poor
What are the social benefits of a global culture
QofL
- the diffusion of cultural objects can enhance the quality of life in certain areas
What are the social benefits of a global culture
acceptance
- cultural traits can be adopted but do not affect other cultural traits, notably religion
- can promote equality & freedom of expression
- a homogenous global culture–> easier to fit in
- expand a person’s perceptions
What are the social costs of a global culture
- unique features of smaller cultures may be lost forever
- some citizens may begin to feel that their culture is being taken over
Suggest an economic benefit of a global culture
- when TNCs engage with new markets & cultures
- they can easily adapt their products & services to suit different places better by glocalisation
- which will increases profits
What are the environmental costs of a global culture
- consumerism is fundamentally at odds with sustainable development goals:
- further devaluing of nature becomes inevitable,
- with economic growth leading to environmental degradation
Is GDP a single or composite measure
single
Is GNI per capita a single or composite measure
single
Is GNI a single or composite measure
single
Is the Economic Sector Balance a single or composite measure
composite
What is GNI per capita also known as
PPP - purchasing power parity e.g The Big Mac index
What does GNI per capita measure
the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divided by its population
What does GDP measure
- the total value of goods & services
- produced within a nations borders
- shown on average
- excluding foreign earnings
What does GNI measure
- the total value of goods & services earned by a country in a year
- including overseas earnings remittances & FDI
What does Economic Sector Balance measure
the percentage contribution of primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary sectors to GNI & GDP
Advantages of GDP
- good measure of a country’s economic activity, which can be compared with contrasting countries
- relatively simple to calculate
- widely understood by all
Advantages of GNI per capita
- considers cost of living & inflation within a country
- making International comparisons between countries with different standards of living more valid
Advantages of GNI
- good to measure how the country’s residents contributes to the flow of goods & services inside & outside the national territory
- helps to measure the AT Kearney & KOF indexes
- can also measure who profits from TNCs that are redistributed overseas
Advantages of Economic Sector Balance
- takes into consideration the different employment sectors in a country
- percentages allow for comparisons between countries
- can measure change over time (from pre to post industrial)
Disadvantages of GDP
- doesn’t indicate:
- how the wealth is distributed (income inequality)
- how the money was made
- the informal economy - underestimates for LIDCs
- how the money is used - development, corruption & conflict
Disadvantages of GNI per capita
- data only collected in intervals - ignores fluctuations in inflation throughout the year
- reduces the size of the development gap as you are are taking population into account
Disadvantages of GNI
- not an accurate measure of economic activity due to diaspora remittances & TNC profit reparations
- fails to account for the informal economy
Disadvantages of Economic Sector Balance
- doesn’t account for the informal economy & entrepreneurship (influencers)
- difficult to classify jobs
Is the GII a single or composite index
Composite
What does the gender inequality index measure
- Reproductive health - maternal morality & adolescent fertility
- Empowerment - Parliamentary representation & educational attainment
- Labour market - labour force participation
What are the advantages of the Gender Inequality Index (GII)
- 5 different indicators
- can encourage countries to make positive changes
- accounts for quality of life factors like healthcare & education
What are the disadvantages of the Gender Inequality Index (GII)
- optimistic
- quite narrow workfield focuses
- a lot of countries around the world disregard this as a development measure because direct measures cannot be given against countries
Is the Human Development Index (HDI) a single or composite measure?
Composite
What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure
- social and economic factors
- life expectancy at birth —> health
- average years of expected schooling—> education
- GNI per capita —> income
What are the advantages of the Human Development Index (HDI)
- looks at social & economic factors
- more representative
- can see what is successful vs what is limiting growth within a country —> can introduce policies
- allows countries to address the certain issues which are accounted for in each indicator
- easy to compare & make correlations
What are the disadvantages of the Human Development Index (HDI)
- doesn’t tell us about inequalities & gender disparity within all of the indicators
- relies on accurate data being available
Is the World Air Quality Index a single or composite measure
Single
What does the World Air Quality Index measure
- communicates to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecasted to become
- the greater the level of air pollution, the greater the AQI value of
What are the advantages of the World Air Quality Index
- shows the impacts of the global shift especially in South East Asia
- shows how successful attempts to improve air quality have been
- considered 6 categories which allow for direct comparison
What are the disadvantages of the World Air Quality Index
-a lot of missing data
Is the Environmental Peformance Index a single or composite measure
Composite
What does the Environmental Peformance Index measure
- ranks 180 countries on 24 performance indicators across 10 issue categories
- covering environmental health (rises with economic growth & prosperity)
- & ecosystem vitality (comes under strain from industrialisation & urbanisation)
What are the advantages of the Environmental Peformance Index
- wide range of issues considered
- 180 countries allows for direct comparisons on the specifics of factors
- helps explain the impact of globalisation
- shows countries access to resources
What are the disadvantages of the Environmental Peformance Index
relying on subjective judgements to weigh a few of the numerous variables
What is income inequality
Where income is unequally distributed across a population
How can income inequality be displayed graphically
The Lorenz curve
The further the Lorenz curve is from the ___degree line, the more ….. the society
45
Unequal
What does the gini coefficient range from
0 (0%) to 1(100%)
On the Gini coefficient, what does 0 represent
Perfect equality
On the Gini coefficient, what does 1 represent
Perfect inequality
What does the Gini coefficient measure
The degree of income equality in a population
What does a Gini coefficient of zero mean
that everyone has the same income
What does a Gini coefficient of 1 represent
a single individual receiving all the income
How is the Gini Coefficient measured
- by comparing the area under the Lorenz curve and the area from the 45° line to the right hand and ‘x’ axis.
- In terms of the Gini index, the closer the number is to 100 the greater the degree of inequality.
Case Study China
What does the Gini coefficient show about East-West divide exists in China
- Rural areas to the west have much lower incomes than urban areas in the east.
- Major cities and industrial zones are all along the eastern coast
- Little investment and FDI ends up in the rural areas.
Case Study China
What does the Gini coefficient show about East China
- More SEZs were open here in the Open Door Policy —> FDI from TNCs
- Higher populations —> megacities e.g Beijing
What does the Kuznets curve show
- Implies that as a nation undergoes industrialisation & especially the mechanisation of agriculture
- the centre of the nations economy will shift to the cities
- creating a significant rural-urban income equality gap
As demonstrated on the Kuznet’s curve, as a country’s ________develops, their_______ increases
(1)income per capita
(2)Environmental degradation
As demonstrated on the Kuznet’s curve, as a country’s income per capita increases, their environmental degradation increases, the country then reaches a _________
Turning point
As demonstrated on the Kuznet’s curve, as a country’s income per capita increases, their environmental degradation increases, the country then reaches a turning point whereby….
They are able to afford to implement strategies that reduce environmental degradation e.g renewables and recycling
define post-accession migration
the flow of economic migrants after a country has joined the EU
define diaspora
the dispersion or spread of a group of people from their original homeland
List some advantages of Open Borders
- cultural diversity
- more skilled workforce –> higher GDP
- fill labour shortages & low skilled/paid jobs
- attitudes in the press are less extreme, more empathetic about immigration
List some disadvantages of Open Borders
- ethnic tensions (xenophobia)
- overpopulation & over consumption of resources & services
- high population density
- exploitation of migrants e.g long working hours
- rise in extremism - changes to govt policies e.g Brexit
- anti-globalisation movements e.g France’s national front
Define deregulation
-the reduction in rules which means that more foreign businesses can set up in the UK
What are features of deregulation
- the freedom to invest in businesses or transfer capital
- removal of investment barriers
- no restrictions for financial institutions
- any bank or individual can trade in shares without having to use the London Stock Exchange
What has increased deregulation & the growing power of TNCs resulted in
has led to reduced union rights & labour market protection
Union rights are an attempt by the govt to encourage….
deregulation
How has FDI created culturally mixed societies
-glocalization
-encourages migration
-promotion and awareness of traditional festivals
Where is the Mekong River conflict taking place
- On the Mekong river, one of south east Asia’s major rivers
- flowing for 4200km through South East Asia,
- to its delta in Southern Vietnam
Who are the key players involved in the Mekong river conflict
governments of Cambodia, Laos & Thailand
Why is the Mekong river conflict occurring
- Since the 1990s, a number of dams have been built on the river & its tributaries, causing controversy
- The Xayaburi Dam in Laos is testing the agreement authorising dam construction
- When water taken from the main river or its tributaries is taken upstream, the flow of water downstream will be affected
What has been done to try and help the Mekong river conflict
- A 1995 treaty, known as the Mekong River Agreement,
- required the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand & Vietnam
- to agree to any proposals for new dams before they go ahead
Why is globalization going to make the Mekong river conflict worse
- In 2010, 11 more dams were proposed along the lower Mekong - 9 of them in Laos
- Continuing to dam the Mekong further upstream will reduce the river flow in Vietnam
Where is the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity
In various aboriginal regions of Canada such as Alaska, Alberta & British Columbia
Who are the main players involved in the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity
- The First Nations which represents 643 recognised groups of traditional people who have traditional land rights
- Canada’s oil industry
- Canadian government & TNCs
Why is the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity occurring
(1) origins
- Indigenous people had much of their land take away from them
- during colonial rule in the 18th & 19th centuries
- & it was never returned
Why is the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity occurring
(2) exploitation
- Many cases of resource exploitation in Canada have caused conflict with traditional communities
- & the Canadian govt has been accused of supporting TNCs against indigenous land holders
Provide examples of the exploitation against indigenous landowners
- fracking
- oil sands & shale mining
- the Trans Mountain Pipeline between Alberta & Vancouver
- the Pacific Trails Pipeline
What has been done to try and help the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity
- Since the late 20th century, efforts to acknowledge the rights of the First Nations have been made via compensation payments
- In 2013, 6 proposed resource projects were close to collapse because of protests from traditionalist communities
Why is globalisation going to worsen the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity
- Conflicts are expected to increase in the future,
- with resource exploitation increasing,
- resulting in companies exploring more remote regions & lands
define administrative barriers
-making it more difficult to trade
what is an example of administrative barriers
imposing minimum environmental standards
define embargoes
a total ban on a good, this may be done to stop dangerous substances
define liberalism
the theory of globalisation based on classic economic freedoms
define neo-liberalism
-a belief in the free flow of people, capital, finance & resources
Name 3 ways countries have tried to limit the belief of neo-liberalism
- censorship
- limiting migration
- trade protectionism
define trade protectionism
the deliberate attempt to limit imports or promote exports by putting up barriers to trade
Why might people believe in trade protectionism
thought that restrictions protect the economy, workers standards of living & way of life
Give evidence that suggests China takes censorship very seriously
- China reportedly has the largest number of imprisoned journalists & cyber dissidents in the world
- 2 million people are monitoring the internet for the Chinese govt
define localism
a range of political philosophies that prioritise local over regional & global
what is a transition town
- towns that have adopted the ‘transition’ principles aimed at trying to reduce their carbon footprints & increase their resilience to resource challenges in the future
Transition towns transition away from (1)…………………. & towards the (2)………………………….
1) the global economy which harms sustainability & local community
2) the local economy which boosts sustainability & local community
Transition towns are based within the principles of a __________society
consumer-capitalist
Transition towns keep the money….
in the local area so its not spent outside e.g chains vs small businesses
what was the aim of the Totness pound
to ensure that money spent in the area is then reinvested into the community
what was successful about the Bristol pound
-£1 billion circulated around annually
why was the Bristol pound dropped in 2016-18
- not economically sustainable & difficult to participate
- wasn’t actually improving the economy
What is meant by fair trade
ensuring producers receive a minimum price for all major commodities
describe the widespread reach of fair trade
supports 1.7 million farmers & workers in 28 countries
Since 2014, farmers who are recipients of fair trade have received over ____________ in premium money, acting to eliminate _________
£791 million
poverty
what is ethical consumption
- practised through positive buying
- deliberately choosing a product because of its ethical credentials
- not buying a product because of ethical concerns
what are the objectives of ‘ethical consumption’
- reduce the inequalities of global trade
- & improve the working conditions of disadvantaged groups
how to circular economies operate
reusing to reduce waste
Which recycling agency was formed in 1954, in Britain, to address the problem of litter within an increasingly “throwaway society”
Keep Britain Tidy
Name the successes of Keep Britain Tidy
- over 1 million bags of litter collected
- 9 billion fewer single use bags
- 2,061 green flag award parks
