Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography - Human - Paper 2 > Globalisation - EQ3 - What are the consequences of globalisation for global development & the physical environment, & how should different players respond to its challenge? > Flashcards

Globalisation - EQ3 - What are the consequences of globalisation for global development & the physical environment, & how should different players respond to its challenge? Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

define development

A

the ways in which a country seeks to grow economically & to improve the standards of living for its inhabitants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define the development gap

A

the social & economic disparity between the wealthy & the poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the social benefits of a global culture
QofL

A
  • the diffusion of cultural objects can enhance the quality of life in certain areas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the social benefits of a global culture
acceptance

A
  • cultural traits can be adopted but do not affect other cultural traits, notably religion
  • can promote equality & freedom of expression
  • a homogenous global culture–> easier to fit in
  • expand a person’s perceptions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the social costs of a global culture

A
  • unique features of smaller cultures may be lost forever
  • some citizens may begin to feel that their culture is being taken over
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Suggest an economic benefit of a global culture

A
  • when TNCs engage with new markets & cultures
  • they can easily adapt their products & services to suit different places better by glocalisation
  • which will increases profits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the environmental costs of a global culture

A
  • consumerism is fundamentally at odds with sustainable development goals:
  • further devaluing of nature becomes inevitable,
  • with economic growth leading to environmental degradation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is GDP a single or composite measure

A

single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is GNI per capita a single or composite measure

A

single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is GNI a single or composite measure

A

single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the Economic Sector Balance a single or composite measure

A

composite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is GNI per capita also known as

A

PPP - purchasing power parity e.g The Big Mac index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does GNI per capita measure

A

the dollar value of a country’s final income in a year divided by its population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does GDP measure

A
  • the total value of goods & services
  • produced within a nations borders
  • shown on average
  • excluding foreign earnings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does GNI measure

A
  • the total value of goods & services earned by a country in a year
  • including overseas earnings remittances & FDI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does Economic Sector Balance measure

A

the percentage contribution of primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary sectors to GNI & GDP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Advantages of GDP

A
  • good measure of a country’s economic activity, which can be compared with contrasting countries
  • relatively simple to calculate
  • widely understood by all
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Advantages of GNI per capita

A
  • considers cost of living & inflation within a country
  • making International comparisons between countries with different standards of living more valid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Advantages of GNI

A
  • good to measure how the country’s residents contributes to the flow of goods & services inside & outside the national territory
  • helps to measure the AT Kearney & KOF indexes
  • can also measure who profits from TNCs that are redistributed overseas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Advantages of Economic Sector Balance

A
  • takes into consideration the different employment sectors in a country
  • percentages allow for comparisons between countries
  • can measure change over time (from pre to post industrial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Disadvantages of GDP

A
  • doesn’t indicate:
  • how the wealth is distributed (income inequality)
  • how the money was made
  • the informal economy - underestimates for LIDCs
  • how the money is used - development, corruption & conflict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Disadvantages of GNI per capita

A
  • data only collected in intervals - ignores fluctuations in inflation throughout the year
  • reduces the size of the development gap as you are are taking population into account
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Disadvantages of GNI

A
  • not an accurate measure of economic activity due to diaspora remittances & TNC profit reparations
  • fails to account for the informal economy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disadvantages of Economic Sector Balance

A
  • doesn’t account for the informal economy & entrepreneurship (influencers)
  • difficult to classify jobs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is the GII a single or composite index

A

Composite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the gender inequality index measure

A
  • Reproductive health - maternal morality & adolescent fertility
  • Empowerment - Parliamentary representation & educational attainment
  • Labour market - labour force participation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the advantages of the Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A
  • 5 different indicators
  • can encourage countries to make positive changes
  • accounts for quality of life factors like healthcare & education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A
  • optimistic
  • quite narrow workfield focuses
  • a lot of countries around the world disregard this as a development measure because direct measures cannot be given against countries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is the Human Development Index (HDI) a single or composite measure?

A

Composite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure

A
  • social and economic factors
  • life expectancy at birth —> health
  • average years of expected schooling—> education
  • GNI per capita —> income
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the advantages of the Human Development Index (HDI)

A
  • looks at social & economic factors
  • more representative
  • can see what is successful vs what is limiting growth within a country —> can introduce policies
  • allows countries to address the certain issues which are accounted for in each indicator
  • easy to compare & make correlations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Human Development Index (HDI)

A
  • doesn’t tell us about inequalities & gender disparity within all of the indicators
  • relies on accurate data being available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is the World Air Quality Index a single or composite measure

A

Single

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does the World Air Quality Index measure

A
  • communicates to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecasted to become
  • the greater the level of air pollution, the greater the AQI value of
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the advantages of the World Air Quality Index

A
  • shows the impacts of the global shift especially in South East Asia
  • shows how successful attempts to improve air quality have been
  • considered 6 categories which allow for direct comparison
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the disadvantages of the World Air Quality Index

A

-a lot of missing data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Is the Environmental Peformance Index a single or composite measure

A

Composite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does the Environmental Peformance Index measure

A
  • ranks 180 countries on 24 performance indicators across 10 issue categories
  • covering environmental health (rises with economic growth & prosperity)
  • & ecosystem vitality (comes under strain from industrialisation & urbanisation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the advantages of the Environmental Peformance Index

A
  • wide range of issues considered
  • 180 countries allows for direct comparisons on the specifics of factors
  • helps explain the impact of globalisation
  • shows countries access to resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the disadvantages of the Environmental Peformance Index

A

relying on subjective judgements to weigh a few of the numerous variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is income inequality

A

Where income is unequally distributed across a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How can income inequality be displayed graphically

A

The Lorenz curve

42
Q

The further the Lorenz curve is from the ___degree line, the more ….. the society

A

45
Unequal

43
Q

What does the gini coefficient range from

A

0 (0%) to 1(100%)

44
Q

On the Gini coefficient, what does 0 represent

A

Perfect equality

45
Q

On the Gini coefficient, what does 1 represent

A

Perfect inequality

46
Q

What does the Gini coefficient measure

A

The degree of income equality in a population

47
Q

What does a Gini coefficient of zero mean

A

that everyone has the same income

48
Q

What does a Gini coefficient of 1 represent

A

a single individual receiving all the income

49
Q

How is the Gini Coefficient measured

A
  • by comparing the area under the Lorenz curve and the area from the 45° line to the right hand and ‘x’ axis.
  • In terms of the Gini index, the closer the number is to 100 the greater the degree of inequality.
50
Q

Case Study China
What does the Gini coefficient show about East-West divide exists in China

A
  • Rural areas to the west have much lower incomes than urban areas in the east.
  • Major cities and industrial zones are all along the eastern coast
  • Little investment and FDI ends up in the rural areas.
51
Q

Case Study China
What does the Gini coefficient show about East China

A
  • More SEZs were open here in the Open Door Policy —> FDI from TNCs
  • Higher populations —> megacities e.g Beijing
52
Q

What does the Kuznets curve show

A
  • Implies that as a nation undergoes industrialisation & especially the mechanisation of agriculture
  • the centre of the nations economy will shift to the cities
  • creating a significant rural-urban income equality gap
53
Q

As demonstrated on the Kuznet’s curve, as a country’s ________develops, their_______ increases

A

(1)income per capita
(2)Environmental degradation

54
Q

As demonstrated on the Kuznet’s curve, as a country’s income per capita increases, their environmental degradation increases, the country then reaches a _________

A

Turning point

55
Q

As demonstrated on the Kuznet’s curve, as a country’s income per capita increases, their environmental degradation increases, the country then reaches a turning point whereby….

A

They are able to afford to implement strategies that reduce environmental degradation e.g renewables and recycling

56
Q

define post-accession migration

A

the flow of economic migrants after a country has joined the EU

57
Q

define diaspora

A

the dispersion or spread of a group of people from their original homeland

58
Q

List some advantages of Open Borders

A
  • cultural diversity
  • more skilled workforce –> higher GDP
  • fill labour shortages & low skilled/paid jobs
  • attitudes in the press are less extreme, more empathetic about immigration
59
Q

List some disadvantages of Open Borders

A
  • ethnic tensions (xenophobia)
  • overpopulation & over consumption of resources & services
  • high population density
  • exploitation of migrants e.g long working hours
  • rise in extremism - changes to govt policies e.g Brexit
  • anti-globalisation movements e.g France’s national front
60
Q

Define deregulation

A

-the reduction in rules which means that more foreign businesses can set up in the UK

61
Q

What are features of deregulation

A
  • the freedom to invest in businesses or transfer capital
  • removal of investment barriers
  • no restrictions for financial institutions
  • any bank or individual can trade in shares without having to use the London Stock Exchange
62
Q

What has increased deregulation & the growing power of TNCs resulted in

A

has led to reduced union rights & labour market protection

63
Q

Union rights are an attempt by the govt to encourage….

A

deregulation

64
Q

How has FDI created culturally mixed societies

A

-glocalization
-encourages migration
-promotion and awareness of traditional festivals

65
Q

Where is the Mekong River conflict taking place

A
  • On the Mekong river, one of south east Asia’s major rivers
  • flowing for 4200km through South East Asia,
  • to its delta in Southern Vietnam
66
Q

Who are the key players involved in the Mekong river conflict

A

governments of Cambodia, Laos & Thailand

67
Q

Why is the Mekong river conflict occurring

A
  • Since the 1990s, a number of dams have been built on the river & its tributaries, causing controversy
  • The Xayaburi Dam in Laos is testing the agreement authorising dam construction
  • When water taken from the main river or its tributaries is taken upstream, the flow of water downstream will be affected
68
Q

What has been done to try and help the Mekong river conflict

A
  • A 1995 treaty, known as the Mekong River Agreement,
  • required the governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand & Vietnam
  • to agree to any proposals for new dams before they go ahead
69
Q

Why is globalization going to make the Mekong river conflict worse

A
  • In 2010, 11 more dams were proposed along the lower Mekong - 9 of them in Laos
  • Continuing to dam the Mekong further upstream will reduce the river flow in Vietnam
70
Q

Where is the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity

A

In various aboriginal regions of Canada such as Alaska, Alberta & British Columbia

71
Q

Who are the main players involved in the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity

A
  • The First Nations which represents 643 recognised groups of traditional people who have traditional land rights
  • Canada’s oil industry
  • Canadian government & TNCs
72
Q

Why is the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity occurring
(1) origins

A
  • Indigenous people had much of their land take away from them
  • during colonial rule in the 18th & 19th centuries
  • & it was never returned
73
Q

Why is the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity occurring
(2) exploitation

A
  • Many cases of resource exploitation in Canada have caused conflict with traditional communities
  • & the Canadian govt has been accused of supporting TNCs against indigenous land holders
74
Q

Provide examples of the exploitation against indigenous landowners

A
  • fracking
  • oil sands & shale mining
  • the Trans Mountain Pipeline between Alberta & Vancouver
  • the Pacific Trails Pipeline
75
Q

What has been done to try and help the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity

A
  • Since the late 20th century, efforts to acknowledge the rights of the First Nations have been made via compensation payments
  • In 2013, 6 proposed resource projects were close to collapse because of protests from traditionalist communities
76
Q

Why is globalisation going to worsen the First Nation’s conflict with cultural identity

A
  • Conflicts are expected to increase in the future,
  • with resource exploitation increasing,
  • resulting in companies exploring more remote regions & lands
77
Q

define administrative barriers

A

-making it more difficult to trade

78
Q

what is an example of administrative barriers

A

imposing minimum environmental standards

79
Q

define embargoes

A

a total ban on a good, this may be done to stop dangerous substances

80
Q

define liberalism

A

the theory of globalisation based on classic economic freedoms

81
Q

define neo-liberalism

A

-a belief in the free flow of people, capital, finance & resources

82
Q

Name 3 ways countries have tried to limit the belief of neo-liberalism

A
  • censorship
  • limiting migration
  • trade protectionism
83
Q

define trade protectionism

A

the deliberate attempt to limit imports or promote exports by putting up barriers to trade

84
Q

Why might people believe in trade protectionism

A

thought that restrictions protect the economy, workers standards of living & way of life

85
Q

Give evidence that suggests China takes censorship very seriously

A
  • China reportedly has the largest number of imprisoned journalists & cyber dissidents in the world
  • 2 million people are monitoring the internet for the Chinese govt
86
Q

define localism

A

a range of political philosophies that prioritise local over regional & global

87
Q

what is a transition town

A
  • towns that have adopted the ‘transition’ principles aimed at trying to reduce their carbon footprints & increase their resilience to resource challenges in the future
88
Q

Transition towns transition away from (1)…………………. & towards the (2)………………………….

A

1) the global economy which harms sustainability & local community
2) the local economy which boosts sustainability & local community

89
Q

Transition towns are based within the principles of a __________society

A

consumer-capitalist

90
Q

Transition towns keep the money….

A

in the local area so its not spent outside e.g chains vs small businesses

91
Q

what was the aim of the Totness pound

A

to ensure that money spent in the area is then reinvested into the community

92
Q

what was successful about the Bristol pound

A

-£1 billion circulated around annually

93
Q

why was the Bristol pound dropped in 2016-18

A
  • not economically sustainable & difficult to participate
  • wasn’t actually improving the economy
94
Q

What is meant by fair trade

A

ensuring producers receive a minimum price for all major commodities

95
Q

describe the widespread reach of fair trade

A

supports 1.7 million farmers & workers in 28 countries

96
Q

Since 2014, farmers who are recipients of fair trade have received over ____________ in premium money, acting to eliminate _________

A

£791 million
poverty

97
Q

what is ethical consumption

A
  • practised through positive buying
  • deliberately choosing a product because of its ethical credentials
  • not buying a product because of ethical concerns
98
Q

what are the objectives of ‘ethical consumption’

A
  • reduce the inequalities of global trade
  • & improve the working conditions of disadvantaged groups
99
Q

how to circular economies operate

A

reusing to reduce waste

100
Q

Which recycling agency was formed in 1954, in Britain, to address the problem of litter within an increasingly “throwaway society”

A

Keep Britain Tidy

101
Q

Name the successes of Keep Britain Tidy

A
  • over 1 million bags of litter collected
  • 9 billion fewer single use bags
  • 2,061 green flag award parks
102
Q
A

Geography - Human - Paper 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions